Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome Essay Trisomy 21 is caused, as the name suggests, by the triplication of the 21st chromosome. Genes which, simplified, contain the blueprints for our cellular structure, are grouped along rod-like structures called chromosomes. Normally, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. In Down syndrome (DS), however, the cells usually contain not 46, but 47 chromosomes. This excess genetic material, in the form of additional genes along the 21st chromosome, results in DS. The estimated incidence of Down syndrome is between 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 1,100 live births. Each year approximately 3,000 to 5,000 children are born with this chromosome disorder. It is believed there are about 250,000 families in the United States who are affected by DS. (Berg, 614) Discussed in this paper will be a more detailed description of the pathophysiology of Down syndrome, as well as the discovery, possible causes, physical features, associated conditions, possible treatment, electroneurodiagnostic corollaries, and psychosocial issues. Down syndrome or Trisomy 21 has been alluded to in art, literature and science for centuries. One of the more interesting of these is the Changeling in Gaelic myth. We will write a custom essay on Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was believed that when a child was born with the dysmorphic characteristics now associated with DS i.e. epicanthal folds, simian creases, small ears etc., an elf or evil spirit had replaced the infant that was meant to be theirs with the offspring of a mischievous creature. However, it wasnt until 1866, that a physician named John Langdon Down published an essay in England in which he described a set of children with common features who were distinct from other children with mental retardation. Down was superintendent of an asylum for children with mental retardation in Surrey, England when he made the first distinction between children who were cretins (later to be found to have hypothyroidism) and what he referred to as Mongoloids. Down based this unfortunate name on his notion that these children looked like people from Mongolia, who were thought then to have an arrested development. This ethnic insult came under fire in the 1960s from Asian genetic researchers, and the term was dropped from scientific use. Instead, the condition became called Downs syndrome. In the 1970s, an American revision of scientific terms changed it simply to Down syndrome, due to the insinuation of ownership caused by the possessive apostrophe, although it is still called Downs in Europe. The causes of DS were much speculated over during the first part of the twentieth century. The first to speculate that Down syndrome might be chromosomal in nature were Waardenberg and Bleyer during the 1930s. However it wasnt until 1959 that Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs, working independently, first determined the cause to be trisomy (triplication) of the 21st chromosome. To understand the pathophyisology of Trisomy 21 you must first understand the basic structure of chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures composed of DNA and other proteins. They are present in every cell of the body and carry the genetic information needed for that cell to develop. Genes, which are units of information, are encoded in the DNA. Human cells normally have 46 chromosomes, which can be arranged in 23 pairs. Of these 23, 22 are alike in males and females; these are called the autosomes. The 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes (X and Y). Each member of a pair of chromosomes carries the same information, in that the same genes are in the same spots on the chromosome. However, variations of that gene (alleles) may be present. (Example: the genetic information for eye color is a gene; the variations for blue, green, etc. are the alleles. .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .postImageUrl , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:visited , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:active { border:0!important; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:active , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: April, 1985 and we were driving away from civilization towards the untamed, natural and beautiful Essay) Human cells divide in two ways. The first is ordinary cell division (mitosis), by which the body grows. In this method, one cell becomes two cells, which have the exact same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. The second method of cell division occurs in the ovaries and testicles (meiosis) and consists of one cell splitting into two, with the resulting cells having half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. So, normal eggs and sperm cells only have 23 chromosomes instead of .

How to Answer Situational Interview Questions

How to Answer Situational Interview Questions In a job interview, you’re thoroughly prepared for the standard questions about your skills and your work history. You’ve got anecdotes that show off your leadership skills or your communication skills. Smooth sailing, right? Sure, until you get a question that’s a little off the map: â€Å"Here’s the situation. You have an angry client on the phone, an urgent email demanding your attention, and the fire alarm is going off. How do you handle this?† The answer to that question isn’t in your resume (at least not obviously so). It’s not one of the stories you rehearsed in your bathroom mirror this morning. So what does this kind of question achieve, and how do you tackle it?Situational interview questions are popular with interviewers because they unearth two immediate things about the interviewee:How quickly he or she thinks on their feet.How he or she approaches problem solving.These are interview skills that you can’t necessaril y drill ahead of time, without knowing the specifics of what the interviewer is going to ask. But we will walk through ways to recognize situational questions right away, and how to approach these questions on the spot.Situational vs. BehavioralSituational interview questions are slightly different from that other popular interview question type, the behavioral interview question. Both question types lure you away from the resume review template. Behavioral questions call for you to tell a story about something you’ve done, or a time you’ve faced a particular challenge. Telltale signs of a behavioral question:â€Å"Tell me about a time you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Describe a situation where you did†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Give me an example of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ These all boil down to a very simple ask: â€Å"Tell me a story.† The Interview Guys recommend breaking each one down using the STAR method:What is the (brief) context for the story you’re about to tell? (the s ituation)What task did you need to complete, and what were the challenges/constraints?What did you do? (What action did you take?)What were the results? Be as specific as possible, and pull out any quantifiable results (sales, statistics, etc.) if available.Behavioral questions are ones that you can kind of anticipate ahead of time. If you come up with a few ready anecdotes for each of the skills you want to emphasize/the skills on your resume, you can shine those up ahead of time and get ready to pull them out at the right time.Situational questions are a little different. Instead of a story about how you did something, these questions want you to talk about how you would do something. Hallmarks of a situational interview question:â€Å"How would you handle†¦?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What would you do if†¦?â€Å"What would happen if†¦?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Here’s a hypothetical situation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Hypothetical is the key word here, whether it’s explicitly mentioned o r not. Situational interview questions are almost always structured as scenario + â€Å"what would you do?† The interviewer isn’t necessarily interested in how you’ve handled things in the past, although your experience can certainly be used to inform your answer to this hypothetical question. Really, it’s a test of your critical thinking skills, and showing the interviewer that you can hear a situation that you may or may not have ever faced before, think fast, and come up with a satisfying solution. It also gives insight into your thought processes.How to Answer Situational Interview QuestionsThe first strategy for answering questions like these is to remember that it’s not a trick question. It’s not a gotcha. The interviewer didn’t wake up this morning and think, â€Å"I’m gonna mess with that dude’s interview just to throw him off his game.† It’s not a personal question, it’s a professional one- so before you answer, it’s important to take a deep breath and think logically.More often than not, the answer is going to be the one that lines up most with common sense. Think of it as a kind of role playing, except the role is your best professional self, not someone else.Your plan of attack for situational interview questions should be to follow these guidelines:Be a good listener. Make sure you understand what you’re being asked. If you want to clarify any points, ask a question or two. (This has an added bonus of giving you more time to chew over the question.)Be honest. Interviewers know when you’re only saying something because you know they want to hear it. None of us is as subtle or slick as we think we are.Be brief. This story doesn’t need additional characters, or big embellishments. Make sure you get right to the point.Be clear about actions you would take, and why.Be specific. Always tailor your answer to the job description and the skills t hat would be required.What NOT to Do and SayDon’t wing it. You may decide that since you can’t anticipate the specific question, you should go into it cold and let your instincts be your guide. Unless you have a small cricket friend accompanying you to the interview and whispering guidance, this is not a great plan. You can still practice common situational questions, and work on connecting your own experiences to them.Don’t ramble. â€Å"†¦So anyway, what was I saying before I went off on that tangent? Oh, right, how I’d organize a project. Organization is so important†¦umm†¦sorry, lost my train of thought.† Staying focused is key. You want to get in, answer the question, and get out. There are no bonus points for a novella-length answer.Don’t give a generic answer. You want to give specifics whenever possible. Maybe that’s saying, â€Å"I actually faced something similar, and I did X. Given the chance again, this is what I’d do differently.† Maybe it’s saying, â€Å"I know Job Corp values efficiency, so here’s how I’d improve that process.† Either way, you want the interviewer to know that you’re not answering questions in the void, you’re being thoughtful and describing how you would react in this particular job.Common Situational QuestionsNow that we’ve gone through some of the theory behind situational interview questions, let’s look at some common ones that you can use to frame your interview prep.Q: Say you’re leading a team on a project that has a very strict deadline. It’s looking like you may miss that deadline. How do you handle that?A: In a case like this, where the deadline might not be negotiable, I’d make sure there was a Plan B option in place, and make sure that communication is strong throughout the group to make sure everyone knows what that Plan B is if things don’t go according to plan. This is similar to a situation I faced in my current job, where a server failure meant that we wouldn’t be able to finalize a process on time. We ended up having to use a manual workaround to get the data in, and it took some epic overtime, but in the end we just made it. When a deadline is in jeopardy, you do what you need to do. Q: You and your boss don’t get along, and you find that your everyday tasks are not getting done because of this ongoing conflict. How would you handle that?A: In my experience, resolving conflicts before they blow up is one of the most important professional skills to have. I know how important it is to work with people of all different kinds of perspectives, so I’d try talking to my boss about our priorities, and about the best way to achieve them. I’d make sure to stay very neutral and professional, and try to open up a dialogue.Q: You get an email from an angry client complaining about service. What would you do to de fuse the situation?A: First, I’d make sure I understand why the client is upset, and what the root cause of the problem is. If I need to do more digging, I’d be very apologetic and let him or her know that I am looking into the issue, and will keep him or her posted. I’d be very careful to keep that line of communication open, so that even if I can’t fix the problem right away, the client knows that I’m working on it and that this is a priority for me and the company.See? There’s no magic to answering these. You just want to make sure that you have a clear answer that makes sense, and aligns with the brand you’re trying to convey in the interview. And although you can never tell exactly which (if any) situational questions you’ll get, you can start thinking ahead of time about what skills and priorities you want to emphasize in the interview.You got this- happy hypothetical-ing!

Education as a Primary Defender of Human Rights Essay - 1

Education as a Primary Defender of Human Rights - Essay Example Not every child receives an education, not every woman receives the same rights as her male counterparts, and the voice of the poor remains unheard. A black, lower-class woman, for instance, has less chances of getting her opinions across than a while male belonging to the upper crust of the society, whose voice yields the power to influence society’s major institutions. The Magna Carta of 1215, the most important legal documents to date, set the initial foundations of human rights in the society. One of its key principles stated, "No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, disseised, outlawed, banished, or in any way destroyed, nor will We proceed against or prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land. To no one will We sell, to no one will We deny or delay, right or justice" (The Magna Carta). This centuries old charter was the first legitimate document passed to protect the rights of the people. It evolved over time to form the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which the United Nations passed in 1948. This was, in effect, the turning point for the human rights campaign; indeed, issues of race, social class, and gender inequality would still traumatize society today were it not for the Declaration. The concept of human rights works very well in theory; it is easy to advocate equality for all in text. Reality, however, is an entirely different story. There are still a considerable percentage of men, women, and children who are marginalized and discriminated within the society for one reason or the other. It is precisely for them that human rights defenders function. As the term suggests, human rights defenders are individuals who advocate the provision of human rights to all; they are endorsers of the victimized, and aim to champion the rights of all humans. However, the term ‘human rights defenders is not just restricted to human beings. Instead, it encompasses anything and everything that

Prostate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prostate - Essay Example Benign prostatic hypertrophy is a nonmalignant growth of the prostate that is generated by overgrowth of the fibromuscular and epithelium flesh of the peri-urethral zone and the transition area. This illness is common in men aged fifty years and above. Its clinical presentation includes obstruction of urine flow, urethra compression, frequent urination, not being able to start urinating and leaking and urgency or dribbling (Zhou, Netto & Epstein, 2012). In regard to diagnostic testing, microscopic hematuria initial evaluation is done on a patient, the presence of palpable induration or nodularity of the prostate on digital rectal assessment reveals the condition. Prostate cancer does not cause any signs at all and can present at any level of the illness. In most cases, the cancer occurs in the prostate gland periphery and the signs arise when they have developed to compress the urethra or attack the sphincter. The prostate cancer presents in urinary tract obstruction (LUTS) symptoms. The LUTS is in three distinct groups associated with the post-micturition symptoms, storage of urine and voiding (Tewari, 2013). In regard to diagnostic testing, prostate cancer is diagnosed using imaging techniques such as MRI to detect tumors that are clinically significant. The treatment of prostatitis is difficult because of the presence of inhibited penetration of most antibiotics across prostatic epithelium and through the non-fenestrated prostatic capillaries to the infected fluids and tissues. The patient must be advised that the preferred drug is fluoroquinolone because of its quality of good penetration through the prostate. The time of antibiotic therapy is usually 2-4 weeks, and that depends on the severe nature of the illness. The patient is then reviewed for clinical symptoms and signs (Koda-Kimble & Alldredge, 2013). When patients suffer from mild symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy there no need for alarm but they should be

The Role of Technology In HSBC

The Role of Technology In HSBC HSBC is known as one of the largest financial and banking services industries in the global background. Background HSBC know largest industries in the global financial and banking services as a. The company is headquartered in London and has an international networks which composes of over 10, 000 offices in more than 82 states and territories within Asia-Pacific Region, Europe, United States of America, Africa and Middle East. HSBC Holdings Plc are regarded to have around 200,000 shareholders in over 100 nations as noted in listings in countries like New York, Bermuda, Paris and Hong Kong. HSBC Holdings Plc, the company is located in east London and an international network which composes the mid 10, 000 offices and more than 82 African states and regions within Asia Pacific region, Europe, United States of America are , counting the 100 countries around 200,000 shareholders in countries such as New York as mentioned in the listing, Bermuda, Paris and Hong Kong. Because of the globa l network connects by the implementation of advances technology like the internet and information communication technology, the company has been able to provide an intensive range and reach of financial services which includes commercial banking, investment banking and market personal financial services, and other banking and financial products and services. The business philosophy of HSBC gives important to values and principles in all aspects of everyday living. Because of the global network communications and information technology like the Internet by following links to technology development, corporate and other, has been to provide services worth an extensive range financial and personal financial services to reach including commercial banking, investment banking and markets, banks and financial products and services. HSBCs business philosophy in all aspects of everyday life and gives the principles of values is necessary. INTRODUCTION OF HSBC: HSBC Introduction: HSBC is one of the largest banking groups in the world today. HSBC todays worlds biggest banking group is one. It has been ranked fifth largest company in Forbes Global 2000 and the third largest banking company as well. Forbes Global, the company in 2000 was ranked fifth largest and third largest banking company as. HSBC head office is located in the HSBC Tower in Londons Canary Wharf. HSBCs head office tower in Canary wharf London, HSBC is located. The HSBC group is named after its founding member, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, a bank established by, a Scot, to finance British trade in the Far East in 1865. Member HSBC Group is named after its founder, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, a bank founded by a Scot, in the 1865 Far East Finance business in the UK. HSBC has about 10,000 offices worldwide with 232,000 employees in 76 countries and territories. HSBC regions and 76 countries with 232,000 employees worldwide with about 10,000 offices. With its 110 million customers worldwide, a total of 16.5 million are e-based. 110 million from its worldwide customers, a total of 16.5 million is based on E. HSBC has really proven that it is The worlds local bank. HSBC has proved that it really the worlds local bank. The bank is the second largest corporation in the world in terms of assets. Bank assets in the world of words is the second largest corporation. It reports its results in US Dollars since 80% of its earnings come from outside the UK. This revenue comes from outside the UK in the U.S. results reported 80% of the dollar. Nearly 22% of its earnings comes from operations in Hong Kong. Before moving the headquarters to London in1991, it was headquartered in Hong Kong. Approximately 22% of the revenue operations in London, Hong Kong Kong headquarters before arrival. in1991, was located in Hong. Has the organization restructured recently? Recently reorganized company? If yes, why? 1) If yes, why? If no, why not? 2) If not, why not? What have been the consequences? 3) What results have been? Would most complex, large organizations have several functional grouping approaches? Does this matter? 4) is the most complex, large organizations view is planning several work groups? What? HSBC is a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales. HSBC Wales, a public limited company incorporated in England. Headquartered in London, the HSBC group operates in five regions: Europe; Hong Kong; the rest of Asia Pacific; including the Middle East and Africa; North America; and South America. Located in London, HSBC in five working groups in the region: Europe, Hong Kong, the rest of Asia Pacific, Africa and the Middle East including, North America and South America. The entities in which form the HSBC Group provide a comprehensive range of financial services to personal, commercial, corporate, institutional and investment, and private banking client. To more easily promote the Group as a whole, HSBC launched a campaign to differentiate its brand from those of its competitors by describing the unique characteristics which distinguish HSBC, summarized by the words The worlds local bank. A wide range of financial services for private corporation, as, commercial group s and investment institutions, and private banking clients. Promoting more easily provided in the institutions which form HSBC Group, HSBC brand difference between the start of the campaign for HSBC prominent features unique compared to those defined by, Proceedings of the words from The worlds local bank. Through the years since 2004, HSBC has gone through a lot of changes. Years since 2004, HSBC has gone a lot of changes. In 2004, the Bank of Bermuda joined the Group and minority stakes were acquired in Indias UTI Bank and Chinas Bank of Communications Ltd. In the UK, HSBC bought the retail financial services arm of the Marks and Spencer Group. In 2004, Bank of Bermuda joined the group and a minority stake in UTI Bank was acquired by India and China Bank of Communications UK Limited, HSBC group brought signs and Spencer retail financial services arm. The HSBC brand was adopted by its Mexican subsidiary, GF Bital, early in the year and in September the majority of the banks North American businesses, including Household International, were united under the name HSBC North America. HSBC North American brand business September of the majority of banks was adopted by Mexico, equipment and years GF, Bital skin, including Household International was the United Nations under the name HSBC N orth America. ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY HSBC: HSBC role of technology: Modern information technology (IT) is understood to be the result of a meeting between modern digital computing and communication technologies. Modern information technology (IT) and computing the modern digital communication technologies between the outcome of this meeting is to be understood. The significance of IT is as the core of an Information System which consists of a series of interactions between people, data, hardware and software, organizations and their social environment. The importance of this , is a foundation of information system which the social environment and their organization consisting of a series of conversations between people, data, hardware and software. Information and its connected technologies are now so vital to business success that information is regularly regarded as an independent issue of invention on a same level with capital, land and labor. Information and technology vital to business success now that information with the investors and workers, the level of invention on a routine matter as an independent count. In the twenty-first century every business manager must understand the role which information technology plays, not only in their organization but also in the wider society, within which their organization must compete. Competition, the twenty first century will be all business on their organization and understand the manager role should not information technology plays in society is widespread, organized them. A full understanding of information technology is impossible without considering its communication with the social world in which it has developed. A complete understanding of information technology has developed the world it is impossible without considering the social communication with him. Computer professionals who are ignorant of the social, political, and economic political aspect of their work are fated to be the put up of decision-makers who are. Computer professionals who work with them are ignorant, political, economic and political factor is social tolerance are lucky by which decision makers. In the real world a frequent cause of the failure of IT projects is an overlook of the human (including managerial and organizational) factors at work. No business or computing professional can, therefore, ignore the softer elements in Information Systems, which paradoxically, often prove the hardest to get right! Failure in the real world because of her projects is a continuous work in an organization), including the management of human factors and pass, any business or computing system, therefore, ignored information about business, can elements in Medium which, unlike, most of the right to prove the most difficult to achieve! THE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT: computing environment: Linking together definitions of information and technology from the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, information technology means the systematic study of the industrial arts relating to the communication of instructive knowledge. Adding information with praise and English Dictionary Oxford technology from small, information knowledge of technology communication education means related art industrial training conducted. This definition includes studying printing, or, for that matter, smoke signals. Included in this definition, studied printing or, for that matter, smoke signals. However the general usage today, is more like the definition employed by (1988,) the application of computers and telecommunications to the collection, processing, storage, and dissemination of voice, graphics, text, and numerical information. However, general use today, storage is much appreciated by this work (1988, applied for) of telecommunications and computer storage, processing, and dissemination of s ound,, text, graphics, and numerical information . One famous development in recent years has been the convergence of communications and computer technology, with both becoming intensive users of data embodied in binary digital form and processed by microprocessors on silicon chips. Popular in recent years on developing a silicon processed by microprocessors and chips is in binary form with digital technology, computer and communications convergence was embodied both figures to be intense users. Therefore IT is normally used in the broad modern sense to encompass both computing and telecommunications technologies. In some books, IT is used more narrowly to refer principally to computing and ICTs to refer to information and communication technologies more generally. So this is the sense commonly used in modern comprehensive coverage of both computing and telecommunications technologies. Some books, usually it is used more narrowly refer technology and communications and for basic computing and information refer to the ICTs. If we consider the industrial and commercial implications of the employment of the new information technologies then we must take on board that the computer is a general purpose machine which mechanizes human brain-powered operations just as the Industrial Revolution mechanized human and animal muscle-powered operations . If we then consider the implications of new information technology jobs industrial trade and we must take on board power operation is a general purpose computer machine machine revolution muscular man and animals mechanizes the human brain only industrial strength operation. The impact of such a broadly applicable technology is inevitably widespread and far-reaching. Broadly applicable technology and its effect on reaching such a broad and excesses, yet. Computers have become a pervasive technology applied in all sectors of life, including industry, commerce, government, education and leisure activities. Computers have become leisure activities, and education, trad e, expanded a government, technology apply to all areas of life, including industry. For businesses, information technology is only a means to an end which is the use of knowledge to make and implement commercial decisions. For business, information technology, only a means to an end which is used in the decision to apply knowledge and trade. Efficient organizations require established systems to enable them to make the best possible decisions in the situations they are likely to meet. Organizations need to establish efficient and meet the systems potential to make the best decision possible situations are worthy of them. Thus an organizational information system should collect data, analyze, and present this as useful information that can be retrieved as the basis of expert knowledge at the point of decision. Thus, an organization information system should sum data analysis, and present it as a benefit that information can then decide based on expert knowledge. Once decisions are made they must be passed on to those who implement them, carried out, and the success or failure of the operation monitored. Decisions are carried by them for what they passed on, and success or failure of the surveillance operation outside a bar. Increasingly decisions can be automatically implemented using the technology, thus enabling organizational objectives to be achieved with maximum efficiency. Increase can be determined using techniques applied automatically, thus enabling organizational objectives with maximum efficiency can be achieved. DAY TO DAY BUSINESS: Business Day Day: Achieving Competitive Advantage to gain competitive Four alternative strategies for achieving competitive advantage: doing it better, marketing it better, doing it differently and making yourself indispensable. Better marketing, better four alternative strategies to achieve competitive advantage for doing, (it, are different and need to make yourself. Doing it better. First, the customer may be brought to think that your firm is doing the same thing better in some way than others either the product or service is better than others, or it is as good as others and produced more cheaply, or perhaps it is delivered more conveniently to the consumer. To do it better than before. , Customers may take more than cheap products that your firm is better at talking about what others some way either service or product is better than others or that, is as good as others, Or maybe it was more for the convenience of users is. The obvious way to do this is to deliver a better, cheaper or more convenient product. A higher specification product (eg a more durable one) can be produced to higher quality standards (eg fewer defective goods sold), with better production methods or cheaper sources of supply than competitors can find. Clear that the way to deliver more products feature a better, or cheaper.) A durable high specification products (eg goods at a cheap multiple, for example) can be produced (sold cheaper or higher quality standards, better production methods with more than competing sources of supply can find. The same product or service can be delivered to the door of consumers on demand rather than forcing them to wait for or collect the product. the product or products and services together to force them to wait to but the door may be asked to deliver users. Thus more sales and / or greater profits can be achieved. thus more sales and / or can benefit from. Marketing it better. On a suspicious note it must be sharp out that an other is to prove to your customers that they are getting some or all of these advantages without necessarily delivering them. Note that better marketing should be a quick one out of another dilemma that required them to prove the benefits without doing it all, or that your customer. A large sales or marketing effort may, to a degree, be a alternate for lead in the actual product. In the long term, though, it is probable that consumers in most markets cannot be fooled indefinitely. A big, try a degree in marketing or sales can, in fact led to product an alternative indefinitely long. In the term, though, is a fools also possible that users can not market the most. But, in any case, it must be said that many excellent products have failed to sell because the consumers did not know about them. But, no matter, they should be said about that many users did not know that the best selling product due to failed. In many cases effective brand management of a good product or service can effectively create a demand for, say, Coca-Cola which is different from the demand for soft drinks. In many cases very effective product or service brand management for a soft drink can effectively create a demand for, say, Coca application is different from the cola. Producers can create a sort of monopoly by establishing a difference between their version of the product and other versions. Manufacturers of other products and prescription versions of the difference between them established by a kind of monopoly can be. Doing it differently. An other strategy to achieve competitive advantage is to innovate, as we touched upon under the heading of intellectual property. Different from doing so. Another strategy to achieve competitive advantage to innovate, as we are touched upon the intellectual property under. If your product really is different in kind to the competition then a substantial competitive advantage may well result. If your product is different and in fact, how much competition competitive advantage may well result. Your new product will certainly be protected from competition by a time-lag before your competitors can invest in the necessary plant or skilled personnel to produce the new product. Will your new product to compete with a lag time necessary to secure required before products can your competitors or efficient investment in new staff ready to plant. You will probably generate a marketing advantage through being first in the field including free publicity in the media and per haps identification of the product with your brand name. You may benefit by creating a marketing area is being the first including the independent media and media in the name of their products with brand identity might. Additional protection may be available under patent law, design right and copyright. Additional security can be copyrighted and available right under design patent law. Making yourself indispensable. A more delicate strategy is to attempt to engineer a situation in which your service or product is taken for granted. Must make your own. A more delicate strategy is taken for granted is to engineer products or service status for what you. The customer does not stop to make comparisons but automatically re-orders your product or service. Customer service or product comparisons do not stop automatically re-order your. An example might be book or record clubs automatically delivering the current choice of the month. For example, maybe a month book club or record supply current selection automatically. At one stage IBM were happy to accept the myth that no one ever got fired for buying IBM. Corporate clients employees were trained in IBM technology, their managers were offered upgrades on existing equipment on favourable terms, and the effort required to move out of an assumption that the next generation of equipment would also come from the Big Blue was c onsiderable. An IBM platform for buying IBM was happy to accept the analogy is true that nobody ever got fired needs. Corporate clients employees were trained to IBM technology, according to upgrade their existing equipment manager had been offered terms, and was enough Blue moved to think that a big next generation equipment is coming too. SOCIAL ASPECT: social aspects: HSBC is being affected by the situation of the society in which they are operating. Along with this, HSBC tries harder to make sure that each society is given equal chances to take advantage of the resources given by the organisation. Work that is being affected social situation, with the HSBC HSBC tries hard to ensure that the organization provide to take advantage of every resource for society is given equal chances. The company hold fast to having good reputation and relations in the society that they belong. They hold fast to the companys good reputation and relationship that society. As you approach retirement you have hopefully created a retirement plan sufficient to maintain your lifestyle. Alternatively, you might look to start easing your way into retirement by working part time. As you near retirement, your life you hope to maintain adequate to create a retirement plan. Alternatively, you from working part time retirement easy way to start your can see. Your pension will pr obably be your main priority. Its important to think about whether it will be enough to provide income for a comfortable retirement at your desired retirement age. Your pension retirement age is perhaps his main desire. You prefer for a comfortable retirement, provided that income will be important enough to think about it. TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECT: Technical aspects: The appearance of information technology and internet affects how HSBC has been operating in the past years. Information Technology appearance and how the Internet affects HSBC has been operating in the past year. The company adopts different IT / IS systems and used internet to reach their customer all over the world and to know the latest trends in the global business. Different control company T / systems and Internet access in the world to reach their customers and businesses worldwide know the latest trends. Aside from these, the company also uses facilities which helps them improved their productions and operations.

Allegorizations of the Active and Contemplative Lives in Philo, Origen,

Allegorizations of the Active and Contemplative Lives in Philo, Origen, Augustine, and Gregory This paper examines the allegorical interpretations given to several Scriptural pairs as they relate to the idea of the active and contemplative lives in Philo, Origen, Augustine, and Gregory. As will be shown, Augustine combines elements found in the two previous writers to form his allegory of the two wives of Jacob as representative of the active and contemplative lives. In Philo, most of the essential elements of later Christian thought on the active and contemplative lives are already present. The superiority of the contemplative life is given at the beginning of his treatise on it: "I have discussed the Essenes, who persistently pursued the active life and excelled in all or, to put it more moderately, in most of its departments. I will now proceed at once in accordance with the sequence required by the subject to say what is needed about those who embraced the life of contemplation" (De Vita Cont. 1 [471]). The idea that the contemplative life follows upon the active is also present here, and is elaborated elsewhere: "... infants have one place and full grown men another. The one is named ascetic training and the other is called wisdom... For what life is better than a contemplative life, or more appropriate to a rational being?" (De Migr. Abr. 9 [443]). Both the active and contemplative lives are virtuous, but the contemplative is the more matur e and fuller expression of the life of wisdom; it should, however, only be practiced once the former has been used as a training ground. Philo allegorizes Leah and Rachel in several related ways in his works (cf. Sly, 163-74). At one point he identifies Rachel with bodily beauty, ... ... moves away. She loves to contemplate her lovely eyes; I love to use my hands to adorn myself: her joy is in reflection, mine in act." (Purgatorio xxvii, 101-08, [Musa trans.]) What has been called "the breadth of [Augustine's] vision and the lyrical exaltation of his language" (Mason, 45) has cast a long shadow indeed. Works Cited * Butler, D. C. Western Mysticism: The Teaching of Augustine, Gregory and Bernard on Contemplation and the Contemplative Life. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. * Mason, M. E. Active Life and Contemplative Life: A Study of the Concepts from Plato to the Present. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1961. * Runia, D. T. Philo in Early Christian Literature: A Survey. Assen: Van Gorcum/Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993. * Sly, D. Philo's Perception of Women. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.

Positive and Negative Reinforcements

Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Positive and Negative Reinforcement What are Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcemens? Positive and negative reinforcement are used in most of the three theories. Negative reinforcement is used in behaviorism, where it involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus when a desired behavior occurs. Positive Reinforcement is a technique used to increase desired behavior and is used in operant conditioning.Positive reinforcement is offering of desirable effects or consequences for a behavior with the intention of increasing desired behavior. Positive and Negative reinforcement are used or used in the theories of learning whether it is innate or learned behavior (King 2010). Positive Reinforcement and Skinners experiment Skinner experimented using positive reinforcement, with a rat and came to the conclusion that with a stimulus or positive reinforcement a rat can learn to receive food by pressing a bar. With Skinners exp eriments with the rat he discovered law of effect.Skinners approach to operant conditioning involved the â€Å"Law of Effect† stating that behavior followed by positive outcomes is strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. This means that positive outcomes for behaviors are strengthening to an individual and negative outcomes weaken the behavior of the individual, therefore receiving a positive reinforcement or reward will increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring (King, 2010). Shaping Shaping is one of the first steps of operant conditioning, which is rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.An example the book gives is a rat can be shaped or trained to press a bar to eat. It is not likely for the rat to receive food when being placed in the â€Å"Skinner box†. The experimenter began to give the rat food pellets when the rat is close to the bar. The rat begins to gain the reward and continues to press the bar, which is P ositive reinforcement. Later the experimenter only rewards the rat with a pellet when rat is 2inches from the bar. After rewarding for being within 2inches the rat will have to touch the bar for reward, leading to the rat, pressing he bar and receiving food. When the rat presses bar that’s where reinforcement comes in, which is the process by which a rewarding stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again, the rat now sees that if it presses the bar it receives food, therefore the rat continues to press the bar to receive food. The behavior continues to happen due to the stimulus of food, which is reinforcement (King, 2010). Positive and Negative Reinforcement There is positive and negative reinforcement within operant conditioning.Positive reinforcement is getting a positive result from the stimulus; in turn a negative reinforcement is a behavior of doing something due to a negative stimulus. There are two typ es of reinforcement primary and secondary reinforcement. Primary reinforcement is innate which is not learned or conditioned Secondary reinforcement (King, 2010). Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction The next 3 key concept of classical conditioning is generalization, discrimination, and extinction. First is generalization which is performing a positive reinforced behavior in a different situation.An example of generalization is having three classes and deciding to study for one of the classes every night. Eventually an individual will begin to study every night in all three of their classes. The second discrimination is responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. The book gives an example of a restaurant that gives student discounts if the student shows there student identification card and how if someone who is not a student shows their identification card might get a puzzled look.The last is extinction, which is a decre ase in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. Extinction is without the same stimuli and the reinforcement ceases to exist (King, 2010). Schedules of Positive and Negative Reinforcement The patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced positively or negatively are schedules of reinforcement, which can be negative and positive reinforcement. The four different types of schedules are; variable interval, fixed interval, variable ratio, and fixed ratio. Variable-interval is a timetable where behavior is reinforced after a certain amount of time has went by.A fixed interval applies to procrastination which is when the first behavior is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed. An example of fixed interval is a kindergartener that does not get a bad check mark all week receives candy at the end of the week. A fixed ratio reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. Fixed ratio can be applied to the lottery, because you never know when you will win. The last is variable ratio that is when behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis (King, 2010). Punishment Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.Operant Conditioning consists of two types of punishment positive and negative. Positive punishment is presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Yelling at your child until they clean their room would be an example of positive punishment, because if they clean their room the yelling will stop. Negative punishment is the opposite the removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Negative reinforcement can be telling your child if you don’t clean your room I will be taking your phone away.You will be removing the cell phone if they don’t clean their room, therefore it is more likel y for that child to clean their room. Both positive and negative reinforcement are used in punishment (King, 2010). Positive, Negative Reinforcement, and Timing Whether positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement timing is an important aspect in reinforcement and punishment. Immediate reinforcement is better than delayed reinforcement because delayed reinforcement means that an individual has to wait for their reward (reinforcement) and for young children that can be hard to comprehend.Immediate punishment is more effective with young children because if you delay their punishment the child is more likely to act that behavior again. The last type is immediate with delayed reinforcement and punishment. The book Experience Psychology gives an example of the three; â€Å"an individual putting off going to the dentist to avoid a punisher, such as pain, but waiting could contribute to greater pain later. Applied behavior analysis is applying operant conditioning to change human beh avior. This analysis looks for rewards that are creating bad behavior and enhances rewards to gain good behavior. King, 2010). † Three Theories Together Behaviorism, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning are different theories on how individuals learn and use positive or negative reinforcement. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior solely, uses negative reinforcement and that is what makes it different from the other theories. Classical conditioning has two stimuli; (King, 2010) an example of classical conditioning is a child smelling a beautiful flower and is stung by a bee within the flower.Classical conditioning uses negative reinforcement, because it teaches the child that that flower caused the pain and they are more likely not to touch the flower again. The child associates the pain with the flower and is now fearful of the flower. Each theory has good and bad points, but my thought is behavior is learned with rewards, therefore human behavior is better w ith some sort of reward such as positive or negative (reinforcement) (King, 2010). Conclusion Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive and negative reinforcement are used in behaviorism, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning.Many believe one works better than the other, but it depends on the situation whether negative or positive reinforcement will be used. I believe that Positive reinforcement is the best, because getting a reward makes an individual more likely to increase the desired behavior. Negative reinforcement to me can be stressful to an individual, because if they don’t do what they are supposed to do something could be taken from them (King, 2010). References King, L. (2010) Experience psychology: McGraw-Hill, Avenue of Americas. New York, NY 10020. (p. 167-177).