Communication Is A Vital Weapon Of American Politics

Communication is a vital weapon in American politics. Our leaders have won and lost our favor with organized speech since before the signing of the declaration of independence. With a well written speech, and a practiced delivery, one man can change the views of our entire country. No one has done this more successfully than Ronald Reagan. When Ronald Reagan gave the televised speech A Time for Choosing for the Barry Goldwater Campaign in 1964, he changed the way that American campaign speeches would be given forever. According to critics, his performance is â€Å"the most effective† of its kind, prompting comparisons to William Jennings Bryan as a great American speaker and earning him the title of â€Å"The Great Communicator.† Despite the wide acclaim, the speech did not work as Goldwater lost the election by a cavernous margin. So, why was his speech considered a success if the candidate it was supposed to bolster did not even win the election? While many explanatio ns are offered about the success of this speech by scholars, this paper will focus on the most widely supported school of thought, â€Å"The Teflon President†. More formally, this paper will argue that Reagan solidifies his identity as â€Å"The Great Communicator† during his A Time for Choosing speech, by using unprecedented rhetorical strategies in order to create and unify an audience around his new conservative populism. This paper will first provide historical context for the speech, then the paper will address theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The American Civil War1521 Words   |  7 PagesAstorga Mrs. V History 101 19 April 2017 Civil War The American Civil War, that took place from 1861 to 1865, marked one of the most important changes in American history, it was fought between the Union and the Confederate States of America. A total of even southern states that left the Union to form their own country in order to protect the institution of slavery. The Civil War transformed the country’s economy, politics, women, African Americans, along with major breakthroughs in technology. The warRead MoreInternational Affairs During The Cold War1733 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion about who the enemy was. The threat was evident and the necessary response was unambiguous. It didn’t take coercion for the United States to rouse the population into backing a war necessary to preserve our freedom, our democracy, and the American way our life. Throughout the Cold War, the assertion of good, the concept and practice of capitalism and democracy, versus evil, the spread of communism, was clearly divided and unequivocal. The World Summary material provided for this course indicatesRead MoreThe United States And Saudi Arabia1459 Words   |  6 Pagesparties, yet it has also led to ever deepening U.S. involvement in regional politics. Despite that the United States is currently the greatest producer of petroleum, supplying approximately 14021 thousand barrels per day, they retain presence in the Middle East as part of their national interest to maintain strategic power and influence in the energy-rich region while strengthening trade and their alliances. Initially, American movement in the Middle East were governed by classical military considerations:Read MoreThe End Of The Cold War1694 Words   |  7 Pagessalient questions by scholars and policy makers about the relevance of nuclear weapons in the world. In his article, ‘learning to love the bomb’ Jonathan Tepperman calls president Obama’s plan to rid the world off nuclear weapons wrong, dreamy, unrealistic and a big mistake. I found this article interesting as it seems rather paradoxical as he implies that the world would be much more dangerous without nuclear weapons. In this paper, I will analyse and criticise Tepperman article. 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George Orwell’s, 1984, a bleak, yet compelling novel answers this question. In this dystopian version of 1984, asides from discos and neon leggings, Oceania, a mega-continentRead MoreSocial Media Is A Bitter Sweet Gift Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe 21st century has witnessed some of the greatest development in the field of social media up to this point. The creation of social network sites (SNS) such as Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube has established a crucial platform for communication and connection between different parts of the globe. In the past few years, SNS has not only been used to share our personal experiences with friends and families but has become an important platform for political discussions. Wi th the exponential increaseRead More The Role of Business in Foreign Policy Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the course of American history, business-related interests have played a predominant role in influencing foreign policy. 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Allegories In William Goldings Lord Of The Flies - 885 Words

In 1923, psychologist Sigmund Freud revolutionized his field with his model of the human psyche. According to his model, the mind is divided into three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. William Golding’s allegorical novel, Lord of the Flies, employs these three aspects of the psyche through intricate characterization representing the concepts of id, ego, and superego. Lord of the Flies tells the story of a group of young British boys who are stranded on an island in the South Pacific. They become trapped when their plane is shot down while trying to escape their country during World War II. A choirboy named Jack is shown as the leader of the savages and encourages them to embrace their barbarity. As the novel progresses, the inner evil†¦show more content†¦This further demonstrates Jack’s parallels to the concept of â€Å"ID,† thus allowing Golding to emphasize the psychological allegory of the novel. Jack’s desire to kill is not the only detail that Golding utilizes to compare him to the â€Å"ID†. Throughout the entirety of the story, Jack is apathetic towards the heinous actions of the boys. After Piggy’s death at the hands of Jack’s sadistic henchman, Roger, Jack shows no remorse towards the abominable action that had just occurred: â€Å"Suddenly Jack bounded out from the tribe and began screaming wildly. ‘See? See? That’s what you’ll get! I meant that! There isn’t a tribe for you anymore!†(Golding 181). Jack’s refusal to acknowledge the reality of the situation demonstrates his disregard for the logic and reason. Moreover, as the â€Å"ID,† he only acts on his instinctual, animalistic impulses; he is fully lethargic towards the rational side of the mind. Furthermore, Golding implements this specific dialogue to convey Jack’s connection to the â€Å"ID,† employing this detail to addition ally portray Jack’s primitive inclinations. Here, Jack is acting instinctually and to satisfy his own lust for malice. Thus, the psychological allegory is continually emphasized through Jack’s recurring similarities to the â€Å"ID.† Acting with no regard to possible repercussions is a key characteristic of the â€Å"ID.† In Lord of the Flies, Jack continually ignores the probable aftermath of his actions in order to satisfy his needs at thatShow MoreRelatedAn Allegory of Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies936 Words   |  4 PagesAustrian psychologist, once said that â€Å"the ego is not master in its own house.† The novelLord of the Flies, written by William Golding, is an allegory for Sigmund Freud’s theory on the superego, the ego, and the id, and the constant struggle between the three psyches, which leads to a man becomingcrazy. The three characters in the novel which represent the three psyches are; the Lord of the Flies, Ralph, and Simon. The island that the boys are stranded on can be interpreted as the mind of the manRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding1585 Words   |  7 Pages Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a fictional novel highlighting natural characteristics of man kind. The Book was created during the post World War II period. Before creating this novel, William had experience in the navy where he learned of the nature of mankind. The introduction of the book portrays a plane crash where a large group of boys are stranded on an island. Here they grow in character and human instincts such as leadership, brutality, and survival are displayedRead MoreLord Of The Flies : Representation Of Violence And War1611 Words   |  7 PagesLord Of The Flies: Representation Of Violence and War Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German theologian, states that â€Å" The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children.† In William Golding’s Lord Of The Flies, societal topics run rampant throughout the text with Golding’s use of individuals to represent different aspects of society. Many writers view the Lord Of The Flies as an allegory, as societal topics such as politics make appearances throughout the text. InRead MoreLord of the Flies: World War IIs Impact Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesLord of the Flies: World War II’s Impact Lord of the Flies by William Golding was influenced strongly by his experiences as a naval officer during World War II. Golding’s wartime service gave him a darker and more realistic look on life, and contributed to the novel’s imagery. As Golding described, World War II woke him up from his falsified beliefs about human nature by showing him the true human condition (â€Å"Lord of the Flies,† Novels 175). Lord of the Flies, as Golding explained, is â€Å"an attemptRead More Use of Allegory and Symbols in William Goldgings Lord of the Flies 1346 Words   |  6 PagesUse of Allegory and Symbols in William Goldgings Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Goldings Lord of the Flies allegorically shows the good and evil that co-exists in every human being.   Each character and symbol renders this possible by what it represents.   Ralph and Jack allegorically represent opposing political forces: Jack as the dictator or fascist and Ralph as the prototype of a democratic leader.   The island represents the archetypal garden and the conch shell represents power.   GoldingRead MoreThe Hangmans Horror: Roger, Sadism, and Psychopathy in Lord of the Flies1506 Words   |  7 Pagesin all men and first-hand experience with savagery and violence in World War II, William Golding used Lord of the Flies as not only a historical allegory and a pulpit from which to address the darkness in all men, but also as a metaphor and a example that no one is exempt from human nature. Golding’s characters in Lord of the Flies reflect this idea greatly, but none more so than Roger. Throughout Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the character o f Roger to show the follies of mankind and the abilityRead MoreThe Human Tendency Towards War Exemplified in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies695 Words   |  3 Pagesborn evil, and without a good leader, everything will turn into chaos. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies rightly gives examples on Hobbes’ viewpoint. Throughout the story, it shows the process in which the boys slowly loses their civilized self and turn into savages, how the boys would do anything just for survival or just purely entertainment. William Golding shows the innate evilness within humans by employing religious allegory as by using events, characters, and settings that relates to the BibleRead MoreWilliam Goldings View of Humanity1383 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Goldings View of Humanity Taking a post at the Maidstone Grammar School for boys and joining the Royal Navy, gave Golding his understanding of boys and cynical view of the war. William Golding says, the theme (of the book) is an attempt to trace back the defects of society to the defects of human nature... Goldings view of humanity is clearly displayed throughout Lord of the Flies. Through the constant symbolism we are made aware of Goldings pessimism towardsRead MoreLord of the Flies Nature of Man1726 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the Flies: The Nature of Man William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is a gritty allegory of adolescence, innocence, and the unspoken side of human nature. Countless social issues are portrayed, however one of the most reoccurring is the nature of man. Throughout the novel there is an ever-present focus on the loss of innocence amongst the boys, shown by the deterioration of social skills and their retrogression into a barbaric form of society. Also portrayed is the juxtaposition of a cruelRead MoreSummary Of Lord Of The Flies 1186 Words   |  5 PagesAlex Nguyen Mrs. Black, Period 5 26 May 2016 An Island of Savagery Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a book set during World War 2 about a group of young boys having to fend for themselves on an island with no signs of civilization. Within the novel, there are many different themes, most conveying the ingrained evil within all human beings and the malevolent complexions of humanity. As the story advances, Golding manifests the continuous conversion of the boys from being civilized and methodical

Quality Challenges Cyber Physical Systems -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Quality Challenges Cyber Physical Systems? Answer: Introduction Cyber security can be considered to be used interchangeably for mainly information security, in which the latter takes into account the role of human in process of security whilst the former deems this as a supplementary management and also, centre person has a prospective target. Nevertheless, this kind of conversation on cyber security has significant implication since it stresses on the ethical aspects of the community on the whole. In a bid to deal with this specific issue of cyber security, diverse frameworks as well as models are designed. The current study also initiates the notions of cyber security from the dimension of its framework, workforce as well as information associated to shielding personal information in the computer. Project Objective The primary objective of this study is to conduct an assessment of literature on diverse issues associated to cybersecurity encountered by contemporary companies owing to the reputation of the internet along with internet-based services. The researcher intends to analyse diverse firms and the cyber-attacks encountered by these firms to comprehend the influence of cybercrimes (Massey 2017). Again, the secondary aim is to deliver a variety of suggestions that can be used by firms to address the threats of cybersecurity. Scope of the project In the current study, the researcher intends to analytically review the influence of the internet as well as other online services on the function of firms and comprehend the alterations in their functions to evaluate their susceptibility towards threats of cyber crime. In addition to this, the researcher also needs to assess diverse cyber threat, along with online risks encountered by corporations in current years (Monostori 2014). Different theories along with professional advice explained in the section on review of literature can help in understanding the aims of the study. Review of literature Cyber security mainly upon care that diverse individuals can get and conclusions that they arrive at whilst they arrange, handle and use systems along with Internet. Efforts are put to discover solutions for particularly cyber security analysis challenge and diverse structures are also constructed. Nevertheless, the structure faces diverse intricacies even though it was initially working at the time of development (Wan et al. 2014). The limitations draw from different aspects, namely, emerging technologies along with facility restrictions. As rightly indicated by Ruchkin et al. (2016), progression of the internet in the past decade has augmented overall utilization of the internet based services in various corporations. Several corporations utilize infrastructure founded on internet to deliver the services as this makes it seamless for organizations to reach out to global audience. In place of large firms, internet use has essentially become substantially accepted among individuals, business entrepreneurs along with small corporations. As suggested by Taylor et al. (2014), individuals make use of internet for the purpose of connecting as well as sharing with friends and families. This also delivers business opportunities to various business entrepreneurs together with small corporations to expand the business operations. In addition to this, both business concerns along with people upload various sensitive along with personal data on particularly the internet that makes them the potential target for cyber attacks. Majo rity of cyber crimes are undertaken by individuals who have admittance to the internet as well as computer as inadequacy of security dimensions can make it seamless for them to target various innocent individuals. According to Elmaghraby and Losavio (2014), there are different hackers that undertake various cybercrime for the purpose of collecting personal data of individuals along with corporations in order to acquire an unfair advantage. In addition to this, popularity of the internet has made it seamless for them. Particularly, there are various causes owing to which cyber attacks has augmented in the last decade. Harel et al. (2017) illustrated that social media sites can be regarded as one of the primary reasons for individuals susceptibility to cybercrime. Reports suggest that there are over and above 2.9 million active users on multiple social media platforms. However, together with popularity of the social media stages, the cybercrimes risk has developed thoroughly. Hackers also target the social media takes into account and corporations to acquire sensitive data. Majority of the corporations namely the PlayStation, Yahoo as well as HBO had also encountered cybercrimes that led to loss of important data. Robinson et al. (2015) suggests that mobile banking can be considered to be another important ground that contributes to enhancement of the total number of cyber crimes on particular individuals as well as firms. This is mainly because this presents the chance to acquire unfair benefit. During the year 2017, approximately 44% of the entire globes population utilizes smart phone and this enhances the overall internet based services. Utilization of online banking services namely PayPal, online shopping and use of mobile wallet has enhanced cyber security threats. Mishna et al. (2015) mentioned that in case of online banking, individuals have the need to share financial data on basically the online stages of banks. Several instances of the challenges encountered by corporations as regards online security include DDoS also known as Distributed Denial of Service attack. This happens mainly over a server and enhances the traffic of these kinds of server. Instances contain BBC, DYN, election campaign conducted by Donald Trump and five different Russian banks. In addition to this, Internet of Things (IOT) is also observed to develop at a fast space, let us say, smart home appliances have become popular among developed markets (Broy and Schmidt 2014). IoTs devices linked through single network led to risk of security. Research Questions/Hypothesis -Primary Questions -What are fundamentally the critical issues faced in the cyber security? -What are the factors affecting the cyber security? Secondary Questions -What are the challenges that are encountered majority of the time in the organizations? -What are the proper security measures against the cyber security threats? Research Design and Methodology The current research makes use of survey mechanism for the purpose of identification of diverse cyber security concerns along with experiment method for development of the framework. The current research study is associated to the cyber security management with reference to firm operating in Australia. In the current study, both primary as well as secondary data is acquired to discover the significance of network security and detection of intrusion system. In this case, primary data is gathered by means of survey method whilst secondary data is acquired from various published together with non-published data (Bogdan 2015). Primary Data: This current study can be acquired by means of survey method. Essentially, this data is basically unique in nature. Fundamentally, this data will be acquired by way of distributing the formulated questionnaire and getting the same filled by the respective respondents for the current purpose. In this case, the learner aims to use online questionnaire for the present purpose (Sha and Zeadally 2015). Sample Design: Sample design can be regarded as particular plans that can be designed by acquired samples from a selected population (Johnson 2015). In a bid to serve this specific purpose of the subject of the research, the learner intends to select a total of 30 sample units. In this case, the learner intends to utilize the sampling technique of purposive sampling along with convenience sampling. For the purpose of the present study, the population that the learner intends to select include various firms operating in different sectors in Australia. Therefore, in this case, the learner presents the sampling frame that consists of 30 industrial units in Australia. Essentially, the parameter of interest for the current study is ascertaining the challenges of cyber security in selected industrial units in Australia. Selection of respondent: The learner intends to select respondents of the current study that are operating in the industrial units in Australia and having over and above 2 years of work experience. In addition to this, the learner also intends to select the ones working in the IT or the IT security division of the firms (Mangharam et al. 2016). The researcher intends to send the questionnaire via mail to the selected respondents with request for reply. Questionnaire Questionnaire is primarily meant for the purpose of acquiring specific information regarding cyber challenges encountered by firm, different aspects of the cyber threats, primary factors contributing to the threats of cyber security (Massey 2017). In addition to this, the current study also intends to contain questions that can specifically help in gathering knowledge regarding different dimensions of cyber challenges, various instances of the cyber security threats in firms and the suggestions from the standpoint from their standpoint to combat this issue. Secondary Data The learner also intends to make use of secondary data that can be utilized for the purpose of studying the cyber security. This secondary data can be utilized to discover specific features, themes of the cyber crime, threats, and dimensions of measuring security measures to protect the security. Essentially, this secondary data can be obtained from various reputed academic journals, prior research articles, official websites as well as product documentation (Massey 2017). The current study has the intention to utilize both qualitative as well as quantitative research strategy in this regard. -Qualitative Research- The learner has the intention to utilize focus on in-depth interviews as well as carry out assessment of documents for different categories of themes. Essentially, the researcher has the intent to carry out a subjective study in this regards and describe the problem otherwise the conditions from the viewpoint of the ones experiencing the same. In this case, no statistical tests necessarily will be used in this regard. The methods of analysis marketing can be used in this study include the discourse analysis, case study analysis, observation and thematic analysis (Taylor et al. 2014). In this case, the discourse analysis takes in process of material coding, assessment of structure together with various assertions together with recognition of diverse dimensions of cyber security. -Quantitative Research- The learner also intends to present surveys as well as assess the available records for specifically numerical information. In this case, the learner has the intent to use deductive procedure and can be said to be justified as this can help in testing various pre-specified themes, constructs as well as hypotheses that can help in making up the theory (Sha and Zeadally 2015). In this case, statistical tests necessarily will be used in this regard namely descriptive as well as interpretive statistics. Research Limitations The current research primarily refers to cyber security, challenges associated to cyber security along with mechanisms that can avert the attack. However, the study does not focus on proper methods of companys security management (Sha and Zeadally 2015). Again, administrators of the corporation can undertake actions for different security management in 30 industrial units in Australia. Therefore, it might become difficult to generalise the conclusions drawn from the study. Time Schedule Main Activities 1st Month 2nd Month 3rd Month 4th and 5thMonth 6th, 7thMonth 8th, 9th and 10th Month Introducing current topic to be selected under consideration Ascertainment of objective of the project Ascertainment of scope of the project Assessment of literature Development of research questions Development of research design and research methodology Specification of research limitation Conclusion The current study helps in comprehending different studies from the standpoint of security and cybercrime. The current research proposal helps in understanding the research objective of conducting an analysis of literature on diverse issues associated to cybersecurity encountered by contemporary companies. The above study presents in detail general suggestions regarding the way to secure the system the way any kind of authenticated protocol can be used to defend the system intrinsically. References Bogdan, P., 2015, March. A cyber-physical systems approach to personalized medicine: challenges and opportunities for noc-based multicore platforms. InProceedings of the 2015 Design, Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition(pp. 253-258). EDA Consortium. Broy, M. and Schmidt, A., 2014. Challenges in engineering cyber-psychology systems.Computer,47(2), pp.70-72. Elmaghraby, A.S. and Losavio, M.M., 2014. Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy.Journal of advanced research,5(4), pp.491-497. Harel, Y., Gal, I.B. and Elovici, Y., 2017. Cyber Security and the Role of Intelligent Systems in Addressing its Challenges.ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST),8(4), p.49. Johnson, T.A. ed., 2015.Cybersecurity: Protecting critical infrastructures from cyber attack and cyber warfare. CRC Press. Mangharam, R., Abbas, H., Behl, M., Jang, K., Pajic, M. and Jiang, Z., 2016, January. Three challenges in cyber-physical systems. InCommunication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS), 2016 8th International Conference on(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Massey, D., 2017, November. Applying Cybersecurity Challenges to Medical and Vehicular Cyber Physical Systems. InProceedings of the 2017 Workshop on Automated Decision Making for Active Cyber Defense(pp. 39-39). ACM. Mishna, F., Bogo, M. and Sawyer, J.L., 2015. Cyber counseling: Illuminating benefits and challenges.Clinical Social Work Journal,43(2), pp.169-178. Monostori, L., 2014. Cyber-physical production systems: roots, expectations and RD challenges.Procedia Cirp,17, pp.9-13. Robinson, M., Jones, K. and Janicke, H., 2015. Cyber warfare: Issues and challenges.CConclusionchkin, I., Samuel, S., Schmerl, B., Rico, A. and Garlan, D., 2016, December. Challenges in physical modeling for adaptation of cyber-physical systems. InInternet of Things (WF-IoT), 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on(pp. 210-215). IEEE. Sha, K. and Zeadally, S., 2015. Data quality challenges in cyber-physical systems.Journal of Data and Information management (JDIQ),6(2-3), p.8. Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. and Liederbach, J., 2014.Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press. Wan, J., Zhang, D., Zhao, S., Yang, L. and Lloret, J., 2014. Context-aware vehicular cyber-physical systems with cloud support: architecture, challenges, and solutions.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(8), pp.106-113.

Narrative Essays - WWE Hall Of Fame, , Term Papers

Narrative The entire gymnasium was silent. Every single person in the gym was standing at this moment, with his or her eyes fixated on the small, skinny girl, whose figure duplicated that of the microphone she was holding. Hearing her voice reminded me the birds that chirped and sang ever so delightfully to awaken me each and every morning. As I stood on the end line with my team, my eyes scanned the horizon. Seeing the bleachers filled to capacity made me realize how lucky I really was. I had tingles going through my body, like it was Christmas morning or something, as everyone anxiously awaited the game to begin. This is what high school dreams are made of. As the crowd sat silently, the players slowly huddled around. This is the moment that the team had dreaded all season long, and it has happened only two plays into the match. An aerial view would show the circle of players gathered around a fallen man, number nine. This would be a long match if this superstar did not return to the game, he had worked himself into becoming the heart and soul of this team, in that he was main driving force of inspiration each match. Just by watching him you could see that everyday he was giving 110% and nothing less. He was a prime example of someone who loves the game they play. As he lay there screaming in pain and grabbing his ankle as if he had a healing touch, nobody knew what to do but stand there and watch. The entire arena was completely silent, even the opposing teams fans didn't know what to do. The kid that everyone called miller- time, who was wearing a cut volleyball on his head and had his extremely large gut painted red and white, the teams school colors, paused in midst of his wild behavior. See this was an unfortunate tragedy that you think only happens in movies. But the reality of the matter was that this was real, maybe even a little too real. It seemed as though time had stopped as if a higher being took the remote control and hit the pause button so they could get another beer and go relieve themselves in the bathroom. At this time everyone was watching carefully, as if there lottery numbers were being read and they were only one number away from the jackpot, to the simple tests that the trainer on duty was performing on the fallen comrade. But each movement only brought about more pain. See let me explain why this was such a bad thing that number nine had gone down to an ankle injury. This was the 1999 State Volleyball Championship. The match had only just begun. In volleyball there are matches, each match consists of a set of games. Each game is up to fifteen points. The first team to win the best out of five games is the winner. Number nine who was only a junior had in fact become the most dominant player in the state as a junior on a team, whose roster was completely dominated by older, bigger senior. The team also has a very impressive history for winning; they had won the championship the last two years, and had won it eight times in the last eleven years. Also the team had gone undefeated for the past two seasons prior to this one. But this season was already different, in that the team had already lost a game this season. But what makes the story even more unbelievable is that the team who had beaten them in the season, Minnachaug Regional High School of west ern Massachusetts, was the team who they were playing in this state championship match. But during the regular season match, number nine didn't even get off the bench, he hadn't developed or proved himself as a capable player yet, so the coach went with one of the senior members who had done their sitting the prior season during that state championship run. The crowd began to clap politely as his coach and a fellow teammate carried off number nine. You could tell he was in excruciating pain by the

little freedoms essays

little freedoms essays Freedom is defined by the Merriam-Webster online dictionary as the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or action. If there is one group of people in American history who are subjected to more coercion and constraint in choice and action it has to be the black female slave. Slaves in general face constraints on their freedoms by nature of being slaves. Women, on the other hand, have been oppressed into submissive roles throughout human history. These constraints on the freedoms of women are reinforced by laws and customs in many parts of the world, even today. Women do almost all of the worlds domestic work and childcare without pay. In total it is estimated that women work two-thirds of all hours worked, and yet only receive a tenth of the worlds income. With that said it is difficult to imagine what small freedoms, if any, a female slave had so many years ago. Deborah Gray Whites book Arnt I a Woman takes a hard look the issues and horrible conditions the female slave faced in America. Throughout the book White makes it evident that women in American slavery had fewer freedoms than anybody, even male slaves. As White points out early, the female slave was black in a white society, slave in a free society, (and) woman in a society ruled by men. (p.15) Female slaves had less power than any other people in America and more constrains on their personal freedoms than any other group of people. Not only did female slaves suffer all the bondages of being a slave, they suffered for being female at the same time. Slavery was different for women and men. As White is clear to point out, the enslavement was not necessarily worse for female slaves than it was for male slaves, but I think it is clear from the evidence she presents that female slaves were less free than male slaves. (p.89) For instance, women were sexually exploited virtually as soon as they were enslaved. Women wer...

Do Male Nurses Make More Money

Do Male Nurses Make More Money We know a wag gap exists throughout the business world, and that the fight for equal pay is super important. But does this happen in the nursing field? Surely if a male and a female nurse, with the same experience and education, are working in the same job, they must make the same money, right? Wrong. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), female RNs made a median weekly salary of $1,011 in 2008, while male RNs made $1,168. That doesn’t look like a huge difference, but remember to multiply that by 52. The gap begins to widen.Turns out, female nurses make 86.6 percent of what their male counterparts are making. Is this just because they make higher hourly wages? Yes and no. Male nurses typically have the advantage coming straight out of school. They make up 6% of the nursing workforce, but tend to be better represented in the more specialized, high paying sectors of the field.Almost half of CRNAs (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists) are men, and making signific antly more than floor nurses, the vast majority of whom are women. This is mostly because becoming a CRNA requires a master’s degree, and men are more likely than women to go further in their nursing education. Men also factor highly in military nursing positions, which are also super lucrative.Now, this isn’t all salary discrepancy. Sometimes male nurses have the advantage because they’re not responsible for the same amount of childcare as some female nurses. They tend to have more freedom to work overtime shifts and take on extra work, relying on partners to pick up more of the domestic duties.And, perhaps more than anything, they tend to be more aggressive in asking for what they want in salary negotiations and annual reviews.Take away lesson for the ladies? If you can, get that extra degree. Ask your partner to take a few extra shifts of child care so you can bring in a bit more bacon. Push yourself a little further. Fight for pay equity. And, above all else , ask for a raise. You deserve it.

What went wrong to Swissair flight 111 Research Paper

What went wrong to Swissair flight 111 - Research Paper Example This paper delves into one of the biggest aviation accidents in history; the crash of Swissair Flight 111. This accident brought to fore one of the most common causes of aviation accidents- structural and design problems. The insulating material used to cover fiberglass insulation had propagated a fire that was started above the cockpit ceiling by an arcing event. Although aircraft insulation blankets help in protecting passengers and crew against noise and frigid temperatures at high altitudes, the materials used should meet the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) flammability test requirements. Swissair Flight 111 was en route from New York, United States of America to Geneva, Switzerland on 2 September 1998. There were 229 souls on board (National Geographic, 2014). However, approximately 53 minutes into the flight, while the plane was flying 33000 feet, the crew members began to smell something unusual in the cockpit. The smell came from an area right above them. Almost at the same time, the pilots noticed a small amount of smoke filing the cockpit. The pilots started to investigate exactly where the smoke came from (Carley, 1998). After a while, they noticed that what was initially seen as the source could no longer be seen, and they stopped the investigation. Based on their experience and perception, they concluded that the smell and smoke was as a result of the air conditioning system in the pane. Although the smoke had disappeared, the pilots decided that it was necessary to land and have the plane checked before continuing with the flight. At first, they wanted to t urn to Boston, but the air traffic controller advised them to land at Halifax, Canada (National Geographic, 2014). The crew also requested the air traffic controller at Halifax that they needed to dump fuel, and the plane was diverted to St. Margaret’s Bay where the fuel could be dumped. The crew started to prepare for an emergency landing, and this involved undertaking the

Time management in the workplace Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Time management in the workplace - Term Paper Example Time management is important in every field of life, such as, in schools, at workplace, or even at home. In the present world, every person has to do many tasks daily, which need him/her to have excellent time management skills because without making a proper schedule, it becomes very difficult for a person to manage the routine tasks efficiently and effectively. Time management in the workplace is a very important concept related to increased workplace productivity. If the employees organize and schedule their time, as it should be, it not only increases their productivity but also increases overall productivity of the company. Without effective time management, it becomes very difficult for the employees to manage their job related tasks in an appropriate manner. Effective time management helps employees organize and learn the ways to spend their time at the workplace, allows employees to utilize the resources efficiently, and makes employees deal with every task with full dedicati on and commitment. Developing an effective schedule for the workplace is extremely important for the employees of any company or organization because it not only helps employees plan for the unplanned works but also makes them more productive and efficient. An important point regarding time management is that it should be able to adapt to the changes in the workplace. Certain things can happen at the workplace, such as, an unexpected work given by the manager, an urgent order placement by a customer, or failure of technology. Therefore, in order to face these kinds of situations, employees need to develop a schedule, which should have some capacity to accommodate unexpected situations. Another important point related to effective time management schedule is the sequence of works. Employees need to put the works in the queue based on the level of priority. Most relevant works should be done first in order to escape from all sorts of time shortage troubles. â€Å"Good time management involves keeping a schedule of the tasks and activities that have been deemed important† (Estes). If an employee does not care for the priority of works while developing the time management schedule, it can create severe problems for the employee in case of any unexpected addition of a task to the schedule. Therefore, adding the tasks in the schedule in the order of their significance is a very important concept regarding effective time management. Some employees need to develop their schedule once a week or once a month whereas some employees need to reschedule their activities on daily basis. Therefore, an important thing for an employee is to look at the nature of the job and develop the time management schedule accordingly. Moreover, employees need to avoid all sorts of distractions in order to become more productive and focused. Employees need to focus towards their work in order to complete their job related tasks within time. Distractions divert the concentration of em ployees affecting their level of productivity. Importance of Time Management Time management at the workplace is a very important concept for every employee working for any company or organization. Time management makes an employee get the maximum use of all available resources. It also plays a critical role in the success of an employee. Without developing of an effective workplace schedule, an employee cannot manage his/her job related tasks in an appropriate manner. We can take example of a new employee who starts feeling stressed while learning new roles and

American History Essay Example for Free

American History Essay The mercantilist system will eventually be cited as a reason for the American Revolution. However, this was not always the case. Define the mercantilist system and its effects on the colonies prior to 1760. Also, explain the initial colonial reaction to this system.| | The mercantilist system was basically a system acquired to have political control over the economy, to minimize imports that cost the nation money, and maximize exports that made the nation money. The British and Parliament wanted and created regulations on everything in the new colonies. They regulated everything from wages and agriculture subsides. They were forbidden to established tariff barriers in order to protect themselves from colonial industries. The mercantilist system was a regulatory system put into place to keep control and profits of the new colonies for the mother countries benefit. The mercantilist system on the colonies was to make sure that certain goods could only be transport to England, and to forbid other nations from doing business in the English colonies. This resulted in a list of enumerated commodities that were only allowed to be transported to England. The list consisted of products of the southern slave colonies, the northern Indian trade, and essential products for supplying the shipping industry. The products were: sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco, rice, indigo, furs, pelt, skins, pine masts, tar, pitch, resin, and turpentine. These items were to be transported only by English vessel to England. The English also tried to enforce other limitations, which resulted in a series of enactments-including the Wool Act of 1699, the Hat Act of 1732, and the Iron Act of 1750. The prime minister encouraged lax enforcement of the manufacturing rules in the colonies, in part because they had their own effective systems, and as a result, colonists and British traders enjoyed wealth produced by slave labor, a new prosperity and feeling of goodwill that would last until the 1760s (Faragher, 2009).

Meth the killer drug Essay -- Drug Abuse, Psychotic Behaviors, Brain D

Meth the killer drug â€Å"Meth is a very strong drug that attacks the central nervous system stimulant.† â€Å"The drug works directly on the brain and spinal cord by interfering with normal neurotransmission (â€Å"HOW METH DESTROYS.† 1) Meth is also potent an easy to make only thing you need is a few boxes of cold and asthma medications containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, red phosphorous, hydrochloric acid, drain cleaner, battery acid, lye, lantern fuel, and antifreeze are among the ingredients most commonly used. Longtime meth abuse causes brain damage, various oral cancers and oral infections, as well as psychotic behavior, and various skin conditions; it also decreases nerve sensitivity. Brain damage is a sure thing for a meth user; it can change your brain chemistry. â€Å"Meth releases a surge of dopamine, causing an intense rush of pleasure or sense of euphoria (â€Å"HOW METH DESTROYS.† 2) â€Å"Chronic abuse can lead to psychotic behavior, including paranoia, in somnia, anxiety, extreme aggression, delusions and hallucinations, and even death†. (â€Å"HOW METH DESTROYS.† 2) When addicts use meth it causes you to lose your memory and it also affects your cognitive abilities witch cause the user to be reckless and not think about what they are doing because when a user high wares of the go in to a depression and a sense of need more felling. â€Å"Meth also releases a high dose of adrenaline it also makes you suffer from similar symptoms as seen in Parkinson disease (â€Å"HOW METH DESTROYS.† 13) Meth has a focus effect on the user called tweaking which allows you to be super focus for a period of time, Meth mouth is a disease that comes along with long term meth use. â€Å"Meth mouth is the term called for user it’s a serious disease that rots your teeth and giv... ...easure at all. (HOW METH DESTROYS.†) Over time meth can destroy your dopamine receptors which control your felling and pleasures making it very hard to fill pleasure. Although these pleasure centers can heal over time, research shows that the damage done to the user cognitive abilities may be permanent. (â€Å"METH MADNESS.† 1) â€Å"Meth is a very dangerous drug that is powerful an will lead you down the wrong road meth will change you life so much that the users will not even know them selves because they would’ve of been to focused on the next high.† â€Å"Meth is the most addictive drug out there an it has so many risks such as brain damage, various oral cancers and oral infections, as well as psychotic behavior, and various skin conditions; it also decrease nerve sensitivity it also increase your risk of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B an or C.†

Meditation

Meditation is believed to have originated from the followers of Buddhism.   Buddhist teaching of Nirvana or the end of suffering may be attained by cultivating within oneself the values of morality, mindfulness and wisdom.   The means to Mindfulness is through Meditation, the ancient Buddhist ritual. Meditation has been with the world for thousands of years.   It has evolved from its spiritual origin and is practiced today for health, therapeutic and wellness reasons as well.   They have several techniques like, Breathing, Transforming, and Transcendental.  Ã‚   The basic components that must be present in meditation are:   a quiet place, a relaxed posture, deep concentration, and open mind. Apart from the religious relevance of Meditation, it also has its practical importance in our modern and daily existence.  Ã‚   Life these days can be so rushed.   Most of the time, our energy is sapped and we are over-fatigued.   We work more, relax less.   Our health can be negatively affected.   If we stop for a few minutes and do Breathing Meditation we will calm our nerves and reduce our stress. Meditation helps change mental attitudes.   When our minds are troubled, we are generally unhappy.   With Transforming Meditation we focus on pleasant thoughts and become individuals with peaceful and happy dispositions.   Transforming Meditation is a common spiritual exercise of the Buddhist religion. Worldly concerns fill our minds with worries.   We need to relieve our minds with this mental garbage and unwanted burden.   Then and only then will we truly be liberated and in the process find peace of mind and gladness of heart.   Even if we have the best things in life, these Page 2 3/31/2017 would not necessarily make us happy.   It would be inner calm and quiet that would make for lasting and real joy, even in the most challenged situations.   Such state could be attained if we are trained in the ways of Meditation. Controlling the mind is difficult.   The mind is pliant that it goes with the flow of circumstances.   When everything goes the way we want them to go, then we are pleased.   If it is contrary to how we want things to be, we feel bad.   These things, pleasant and unpleasant, affect our disposition in life.   Our being happy or sad depends on the occurrences in our daily existence.   With Meditation we will learn to control our mind and consequently our heart, the seat of our emotions.   Meditation creates an inner balance in us and it enables us to take both the difficult and smooth times with equanimity. Meditation drives away negative attitudes that cause us misery.   When we resort to meditation as a routine we train our minds to focus on the positive.   This way, we always see the bright side of life. Most wellness clinics promote the practice of Meditation.   Wellness through Meditation relaxes the body, calms the mind and soothes the soul to combat diseases and illness.   Research is also ongoing to find conclusive health benefits of Meditation.   They are optimistic that Mediation may help find cures for certain diseases and medical conditions.   â€Å"Meditation for health purposes is a mind-body practice in complimentary and alternative medicine†¦..   There are many types of Meditation.   A conscious mental process using certain techniques, such as focusing attention or maintaining a specific posture – to suspend the stream of thoughts and relax the mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NCCAM, 2007). As an alternative and complement to conventional medicine, Meditation may be used to heal mind and body maladies.   Health and medical practitioners study the relationship of man’s brain, mind, body and his behavior and their reactions to each other.   They are hoping to use the mind to influence the other body functions.   Some health problems are caused or associated with the emotional, mental, social, spiritual and behavioral state of the individual.   Examples of these ailments are:   anxiety, pain, depression, low self-esteem, mood swings, stress, insomnia and the physical and emotional pain of heart diseases, HIV/AIDS and cancer. Meditation helps patients handle their medical condition better through awareness and acceptance.   While meditating, a person concentrates on his body experience minus the distractions.     Ã‚  The person is allowed to experience the sensation without the deductive reaction.   The body is allowed to calm down, rest and relax. Managing stress, ability to cope, and therapeutic relaxation complement cure for disorders accompanied by pain like arthritis.   In other cases and disorders, prior to surgery, patients are made to undergo relaxation procedures that may lessen pain and shorten recovery time.   Studies continue to find how mind-body interventions may be applied to the psychological part of treating patients with chronic ailments and as well as that in need of palliative care. Meditation is many things to many people, a practice that has been handed down through generations.   It promotes the concept of mind power in combating ailments, in de-stressing, in enhancing one’s spirituality, conquering pain, training the mind and heart to things positive, and self-healing.   The benefits of meditation extend from the spiritual, mental, psychological to the physical circumstances of people.   They have calm, happy, positive and healthy outlook in life. Generally, meditators were transformed and have transcended. References Dharma. (2007). Meditation and Mental Culture.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 Dharma. (2007). The Noble Eight-fold Path.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://dharma.nef.ca/introduction/truths/NobleTruth-4html How to Meditate.Org. (2002-2003). How to Meditate.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://www.how-to-meditate.org/ NCCAM. (2007, August 22). Meditation.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/ NCCAM. (2007, August 3). Meditation for Health Purposes. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm NCCAM. (2007, July 13). Mind-Body Medicine: An Overview. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/mindbody.htm         

Assuming that the distribution Essay

1. Assuming that the distribution is normal for weight relative to the ideal and 99% of the male participants scored between (–53.68, 64.64), where did 95% of the values for weight relative to the ideal lie? Round your answer to two decimal places. x=5.48, SD=22.93 5.48+1.96(22.93) = 170.5992 5.48-1.96(22.93)=80.7136 (80.71,170.60) 2. Which of the following values from Table 1 tells us about variability of the scores in a distribution? c. 22.57 3. Assuming that the distribution for General Health Perceptions is normal, 95% of the females’ scores around the mean were between what values? Round your answer to two decimal places. x=39.71, SD=25.46 39.71+1.96(25.46) = 89.6116 39.71-1.96(25.46) = -10.1916 (-10.19, 89.61) 4. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Pain is normal, 95% of the men’s scores around the mean were between what two values? Round your answer to two decimal places. x=52.53, SD=30.90 52.53+1.96(30.90) = 113.094 52.53-1.96(30.90) = -8.034 (-8.03, 113.09) 5. Were the body image scores significantly different for women versus men? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes, body image scores were significantly higher for women (73.1 Â ± 17.0) than men (60.2 Â ± 17.0). 6. Assuming that the distribution of Mental Health scores for men is normal, where are 99% of the men’s mental health scores around the mean in this distribution? Round your answer to two decimal places. x= 57.09, SD=23.72 57.09+2.58(23.72)= 118.2876 57.09-2.58(23.72)= -4.1076 (-4.11, 118.29) 7. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Physical Functioning in women is normal, where are 99% of the women’s scores around the mean in this distribution? Round your answer to two decimal places. X= 65.20, SD=29.79 65.20+2.58(29.79) = 142.0582 65.20-2.58(29.79) = -11.6582 (-11.66, 142.06) 8. Assuming that the distribution of scores is normal, 99% of HIV-positive body image scores around the mean were between what two values? Round your answer to two decimal places. Body image scores for Male x= 60.22, SD=16.98; Female x= 73.07, SD= 16.93 Male: 60.22+2.58(16.98)= 104.0284 60.22-2.58(16.98)= 16.4116 Female: 73.07+2.58(16.93)= 116.7494 73.07-2.58(16.93)= 29.3906 Male and Female HIV+ Body Image scores combined are between (16.41, 116.75) 9. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Role Functioning is normal, 99% of the men’s scores around the mean were between what values? Round your answer to two decimal places. x=50.00, SD=46.29 50.00+2.58(46.29)= 169.4282 50.00-2.58(46.29)=-69.4282 (-69.43,169.43)

quinn essays

quinn essays the claim made by Teiresias examines the difference between right and wrong as if these two concepts are merely two sides of a coin. In reality, good and evil, right and wrong, true and false, are not so clearly delineated. Teiresias does not realize that his observation, if applied as a general rule, would create the disastrous construction of external standards for the individual to follow. Indeed, how does one know if he or she is wrong? The individual cannot objectively verify or falsify empirical claims when the circumstance demands submission to an external standard. Therefore, he or she must maintain respect for a dignified conception of individuality. What individuals know are conceptualized and solidified through teaching and repetition. Prior to the advent of modernistic criticism of society and the post-modern deconstruction of truth, people defined truth and untruth according to a traditional standard of verification and falsification. Sophocles time was one in which virtue was held to be the ultimate goal of the nation-state, and hence his prophetic advice reflects a black-and-white criterion of truth. Yet times have changed, and through reflection on human events, this criterion has been deconstructed. George Orwells dystopia in Nineteen Eighty-Four clearly demonstrates how the perception of truth can be formulated by neurological and psychiatric manipulation. Winston Smith had continually maintained his own standard of truth, that the individual is a dignified decision-maker. It took him much willpower to preserve the notion that two and two is four, when the state continually insists that truth commands that two and two i s five. However, the mental and physical force exerted by Big Brother finally induced him to believe that individualistic thinking is wrong, and that the only course of truth is to follow the collective. Big Brother and the rest ...

Get Your Goat

Get Your Goat Get Your Goat Get Your Goat By Maeve Maddox Until a reader asked me about it, I hadn’t encountered the eggcorn â€Å"to get one’s goad.† eggcorn: the reshaping of a common word or expression in a way that makes sense to the speaker. The expression is â€Å"to get one’s goat† (not goad). The earliest documentation in the OED is dated 1910. In modern usage, the usual meaning is â€Å"to annoy,† â€Å"to make angry,† â€Å"to cause someone to display emotion.† Here are examples: After Ferrer took office, when opponents really wanted to get his goat, they taunted him as â€Å"Stanley Ferrer.† The name made him seethe. Extreme left liberals and ultra-right conservatives both  get his goat. What seems to get his goat the most is that the recession seems to have knocked away people’s interest in the environment. Maitreya is famous for having subdued his temper through learning ‘patience under insult.’ You simply can’t upset him. Insults, curses, even blows will not get his goat or shake his equanimity.   The origin of the expression is, as they say, â€Å"obscure.† Various creative explanations have been put forth, including one that suggests the expression derives from the practice of giving racehorses goats as companions to keep them calm. The convoluted reasoning is that if someone were to â€Å"get† the goat before a race, the horse would be too upset to run well. If the expression does in fact derive from some connection with the animal–and not from some forgotten slang meaning for the word goat–I think it may relate to one of several associations with goats that exist in our culture. I won’t go into all of them now, but one characteristic is liveliness. The wild playful way goats jump about with sudden leaps and turns gives us the words caprice and capricious. It’s not much of a stretch to associate â€Å"to get one’s goat† with this aspect of goat behavior. I once watched someone try to get her pet goat under control. She looked like someone trying to catch a grasshopper without a net. The expression â€Å"to get one’s goat† could have something to do with comparing the struggle to control turbulent emotions to the difficulty of trying to catch a goat. I have found a quotation that bears out this explanation. It predates the one in the OED. In this example, a union president is taken by surprise when presented with a beautiful commemorative gavel: At the last meeting of No. 16 ex-President Colbert proceeded to get the goat of President Knott. [] Mr. Knott was taken completely by surprise, and it was some moments before he could get his â€Å"goat† under control and thank the members of No. 16 for such a magnificent gift. –The Typographical Journal, Volume 35 (1909). Human beings want things to make sense. Speakers who replace goat with goad are making an interesting mental leap. A goad is a pointed object used to prod animals; ergo, a person prodded with a goad would become angry. Nevertheless, the idiom is â€Å"to get one’s goat.† Related post: The Sands and Hands of Time Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesWhen to Form a Plural with an ApostropheSentence Adverbs

A Capstone Experience(Market Position Analysis)1 Assignment

A Capstone Experience(Market Position Analysis)1 - Assignment Example Based on the ingredients that are used in the manufacture of the above-mentioned products, they can be classified into different categories ranging from nice and easy products as well as those that have some touch of natural components hence the name natural instincts. Their also exists the perfect lighteners category. The care products whose components are majorly herbs are known as herbal essence. This project aims to provide more insight on the various hair care products that Clairol Company injects into the market. Based on the above-mentioned description, it goes without saying that most of the target customers of Clairol Company are of the female gender. This is because females use such products on several occasions. That notwithstanding, it is of great significance to note that Clairol Company similarly takes into consideration the demands of males, and provides personal care products that can be used by males to take care of their beards and to trim their moustache. Individuals who are ageing and are not ready to let their youthfulness go are also considered by the Clairol Company as the institution produces age defying products, that come in handy in ensuring that an individual can be of considerable age yet they still appear young. Clairol Company is able to reach out to their immense customer base through several stores that they have across various regions (Sherrow, 2006). Of more interest is the fact that most of their stores are stocked with care products that play a specific role. This is to imply that if a store is meant to have permanent hair color products, then it is only stocked with that. In like manner, it is of great significance to note that several retail stores are also stocked with products from Clairol Company. This makes it easier for their interested customers to acquire such products. In as much

DB2 - Diversity in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DB2 - Diversity in the Workplace - Research Paper Example This is because having two races in their heritage makes them the most vulnerable group during hiring sessions. Conventionally, African Americans were the main targets of affirmative action because of the inequalities that existed in the United States. Similarly, biracial individuals face discrimination in interview panels and selection agencies due to their mixed race status. Employers should understand that within the concept of diversity lies the principles of tolerance and consideration of different ethnic groups (Korgen, 1999). However, diversity is not based on law but is categorized as a strategic business effort. Therefore, the success of implementing authentic diversity standards for biracial employees will largely depend on the type of organization and the working environment. In conclusion, biracial employees face similar, if more severe conditions in the corporate environment when compared to their African Americans and Caucasian counterparts (Korgen, 1999). Therefore, in the selection of candidates that qualify for affirmative action, this newly formed ethnic group should be considered as they would otherwise suffer a similar plight to other minority groups. This would be detrimental to the organization especially if the section of biracial employees possesses excellent skills and experience that would benefit the

Global Supply Chain Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Supply Chain Management - Assignment Example It is therefore, of importance that all parties, that are inclusive in the supply chain, play their role to the best of their ability in ensuring that the consumer says safe. This ensures that all products that run across supply chains bypass safety and security measures instituted by the members of the supply chain (Nuttall 2013, p. 221). However, like it is in most cases, it is never done to the expectations of society. As such, the final product that reaches the final consumers is, more often than not, in a deplorable state in terms of safety with regard to human consumption. This is best exemplified by the case of horsemeat being passed off as healthy meat ready for human consumption. Such cases call for the restructuring of the pre-existing programs for safety assurance to be revised. The dire nature of the situation makes it an ivy issue to deal with. As such, this paper seeks to explicate on the problems charactering the current supply chain system, to provide solutions to the se problems as well as investigate on how supermarkets should prepare on the breakdown of the supply chains. It is undisputed that the horsemeat scandal has had adverse effects on the economy of the United Kingdom. One of these effects is the ruining of the reputations of otherwise stand-up companies and corporations. Most of these firms have been on record for having worked hard in order to realize the levels of success that characterizes their business models. Given the much effort invested by such companies, it might not be order for all of this to occur due to causes such as the inadequacy of the supply chain. The economic impact of this horse meat scandal has also resulted following a reduction in sales. It is probable that after such a scandal in a food commodity industry, the levels of sales are reduced. In certain cases, the level of drop can be catastrophic. Therefore, meat supply chain has its associated challenges worth analyzing and doing so would help outline past mista kes for correction purposes. This will fashion an enabling environment for the complete overhaul of the current policies governing this supply system. A number of well-known brands dealing with meat products have been adversely affected by this horse eat scandal. This is done with the hope that the consumer patterns of shopping have not been altered to the detriment of this industry. It is highly probable that consumers have already decided on purchasing less of processed meat, less of meals with ready meat and a significant number are contemplating the option of indulging vegetarian products. It can be argued that the scandal has provided vital lessons to the government, retailers and most of the entire food standard agency (De Haan, Groot, Loo and Ypenburg 2003, p. 82). The chain of responsibility is however long, and each party must be ready to accept liability accruing from the scandal. It is not surprising that the overall majority of customers cite the government as to blame. It is imperative to note that food fraud has been in existence since time immemorial. Human kind has been adulterated foodstuffs to suit their own selfish ambitions to the detriment of the health of the unsuspecting public. Laws instituted to curb against this vice have not deterred these crimes. A cause of the continuing food frauds might be attributed to the ongoing economic slump. The rise of the process of food commodities is

Social Advantages of EU Memebership

Social Advantages of EU Memebership Introduction The following working paper presents the Social assistance and social advantages in the European Union and third country nationals (with special attention for Turkish persons). It has been organized in seven main chapters which are summarized briefly in the following paragraphs. In order to have a view of what makes the legal basis for TCN’s rights in European Union, this paper tries to describe the most important International and European legal instruments.  These instruments set minimum standards relating to the protection of migrants, their families and refugees as well as for international co-operation on migration. International law protect migrant according to fundamental principles like; equality of treatment between regular migrant workers and nationals in the realm of employment and occupation; universal human rights apply to all human beings, including all migrants, regardless of status. International instruments provide normative standards for all national legislation and policy on migration. The main international human rights Conventions and Covenants apply to all human beings, including migrants and refugees. The Council of Europe’s migration instruments cover general human rights and more specific agreements relating to migrants and migrant workers. The Community has power to enter into agreements with third countries which agreements may either be limited to matters within the exclusive competence of the Community or cover a wider mix of issues including areas of shared competence between the Member States and the Community[3].  Agreement with third countries in this working paper are mentioned not because they provide direct social rights (referring to the Turkey agreement) to TCN’s but because the European Court of Justice often make reference to them conferring direct effect[4]  for the equal treatment of TCN’s. Under the EU law, where a right deriving from an agreement is found to be directly enforceable by the ECJ (direct effect), it is part of the acquis communautaire and must be applied by the Communitys national courts. The jurisprudence of the ECJ clarify the treatment of third country nationals having an advantageous legal status close to nationals of Members States. Moreover, it has been tried to provide a general view of social advantages for TCN’s in European Union. It is well known that social advantages and social rights for  TCN’s depend mainly on their legal status. Different categories of TCN’s are treated differently in respect of social rights within the Union.  Irregular immigrants and persons illegally residing in a country are mentioned in this paper but are not treated deeply considering that they have very restricted rights in respect of social rights. Regular immigrants have a more favorable situation and enjoy rights and obligations comparable to those of citizens of the European Union. A description of different directives and regulations has been made in order to explain what social rights and advantages have the category of third country nationals within the European Union. Reference to the definition of social advantages according to ECJ case laws has been made. In the following chapter, Social assistance in the European Union, it has been tried to explain several definitions that exist for social assistance, Social Regimes and Social Protection Delivery Systems, the role of social assistance, its personal scope, level and duration of social assistance benefits and conditioning of social assistance. The general situation of social assistance is further analyzed in four European countries; Germany, Austria, France and Belgium. European Union Countries provide social assistance for persons in need in different ways. They are guided almost from the same principles but apply different provisions and eligibility criteria because access to social assistance is governed according to national rules. This section aims to present an analysis of how social assistance systems are administered in Germany, Austria, France and Belgium, their legal and administrative structures and rules of eligibility, relative rules which determine the benefits etc. In general, immigrants with permanent residence status have access to social security benefits on the same basis as nationals in all Member States. There are greater differences in regulations relating to social assistance, where the great majority of the States provide access to long-resident third-country nationals on the same basis as for nationals. Regulations and practices regarding the provisions available for asylum seekers also differ. Contribution-based benefits are generally accessible on the same basis as they are for nationals.  However, there are often limitations linked to minimum contributions or waiting periods. Conditions of access to social assistance can have an important impact on the social inclusion of immigrants. Considering the above, in the chapter 6 of this working paper â€Å"Social assistance for third country nationals in four European union countries†, it has been tried to provide a view of how TCN’s are treated in Germany, Austria, Franc e and Belgium as regarded to social assistance. The selection of these countries has been made according to the differences they have in providing social assistance to third country nationals. France and Germany have more liberal social assistance system concerning third country nationals than Belgium and Austria. In the first two countries social assistance is provided for all persons without any condition relating to period of residence in the national territory, meanwhile in Belgium and Austria residence condition is mandatory for being eligible to social assistance.   In the last chapter of this paper has been described different social rights, which are found in different directives and regulations for Turkish persons in European Union.  Even though, it is obvious that the arrangements for Turkish migrants under the association instruments provide less legal protection compared nationals of Member States, they have a more favorable social situation than other third country nationals. The methodology used is that of qualitative content analyses of International and European primary and secondary legal instruments as well as a description of the situation of social assistance in four European  Union Countries. 1.  Legal Instruments For Social Security of TCN In European Union International and European legal instruments set minimum standards relating to the protection of migrants, their families and refugees as well as for international co-operation on migration. Although States have their sovereign rights over migration policies in their countries, international law protect migrant according to fundamental principles like; equality of treatment between regular migrant workers and nationals in the realm of employment and occupation; universal human rights apply to all human beings, including all migrants, regardless of status. International Legal Instruments   International instruments provide normative standards for all national legislation and policy on migration. The main international human rights Conventions and Covenants apply to all human beings, including migrants and refugees. Nonetheless, specific sets of instruments have been elaborated to address the particular situations of, respectively, refugees and asylum seekers, migrant workers, and trafficking and smuggling of human beings. Certain aspects of other international treaties also apply to migration, notably International Labor Standards, international consular law and certain international trade agreements. International Human Rights Conventions provide a broad and ample normative framework for the protection of migrants. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 laid out a comprehensive set of universal human rights principles. It is not legally binding, but it has provided the foundation for the recognition of social secu ­rity rights in treaties subsequently adopted. Art. 22 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantee the right to social security. Art. 25 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right of everyone to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age and other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his or her control[5]. Specific conventions subsequently explicitly extended the application of universal rights to victims of racial discrimination, women, children, and migrants: Convention for the Elimination of Racism and Racial Discrimination (CERD), Convention Against Torture (CAT), Convention for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families(CMR)[6].These instruments have been characterized as fundamental human rights instruments that define basic, universal human rights and ensure their explicit extension to vulnerable groups world-wide[7]. The Convention on the Status of Refugees 1951 provides essential standards regarding recognition, protection of and assistance to refugees and asylum seekers. The Convention defines who is a refugee, sets out rights of individuals granted asylum, delineates the responsibility of States to non-refoulement and provides other provisions such as regarding refugee travel documents. ILO Convention No. 102 on Social Security (Minimum Standards) recognizes the following nine spe ­cific branches of social security: medical care, sickness benefits, unemployment benefits, old ­age benefits, unemployment injury benefits, family benefits, maternity benefits, invalidity benefits and survivors’ benefits[8].  Minimum re ­quirements are stipulated as to the coverage of the population, the content and level of benefits, the protection of the rights of con ­tributors and beneficiaries and matters of administration. Other relevant Conventions of ILO are: Maternity Protection Conven ­tion (Revised), 1952 (No. 103); Equality of Treatment Social Se ­curity) Convention, 1962 (No. 118) (concerning equality of treatment of nationals and non-na ­tionals); Maintenance of Social Secu ­rity Rights Convention, 1982 (No. 157). International Labor Standards to policy and practice regarding employment dimensions of migration have repeatedly underscored the applicability to all migrant workers of International Labor Standards covering conditions at work, occupational safety and health, maximum hours of work, minimum remuneration, non-discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, and maternity leave, among others. European Legal Instruments The Council of Europe’s migration instruments cover general human rights and more specific agreements relating to migrants and migrant workers. The European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)[9] applies clearly to everyone within the jurisdiction of a state party, which means that all migrants in Council of Europe member states are covered by its provisions irrespective of their country of origin[10]. The importance of this Convention is because, unlike other Council of Europe instruments, its personal scope is not limited to nationals of other states parties. The ECHR primarily safeguards civil and political rights and that the legal status of migrant workers. This convention is strongly connected to the protection of their economic and social rights but its role in this field is limited. Nevertheless, the discriminatory application of economic and social rights in respect of migrants may well lead to a violation of the ECHR.  While there are no specific provisions on migrant workers in the ECHR, migrants have obtained remedies from the European Court of Human Rights under its cas e law in protection of their right to respect for family life and the non-discrimination principle (Arts. 8 and 14 respectively)[11]. The European Social Charter (1961) and its Additional Protocol (1988), as well as the Revised European Social Charter (Council of Europe, 1996) which entered into force in July 1999[12], in contrast to the ECHR, has a limited personal scope because it only applies to foreigners who are nationals of other contracting parties.  The Charter is the only treaty which guarantees the right to social and medical assistance. The dichotomy between social security and social assistance is highly controversial, it appears in the Charter, which approaches the two areas in two separate Articles (Article 12 and Article 13) carrying different undertakings. Article 12(4), is concerned with ensuring equal treatment between the nationals of contracting parties in respect of social security rights by the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements (or by other means) and Article 13(4), is concerned with the treatment of foreigners lawfully within the territory of contracting parties in respect of social and medical assistance in accordance with the obligations of contracting parties under the European Convention on Social and Medical Assistance. It considers as social assistance, benefits for which individual need is the main criterion for eligibility, without any requirement of affiliation to a social security scheme aimed to cover a particular risk, or any requirement of professional activity or payment of contributions. European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (Council of Europe, 1977) includes provisions relating to the main aspects of the legal status of migrant workers coming from Contracting parties, and especially to residence and work permits, medical examinations and vocational tests, recruitment, housing, family reunion, travel, conditions of work, transfer of savings, expiry of the contract of employment, dismissal and re-employment, social and medical assistance, social security, and preparation for return to the country of origin[13]. European Convention on Social and Medical Assistance ensure that nationals of contracting parties lawfully present in the territory of another contracting party, and who are without sufficient resources, are entitled to social and medical assistance on the same basis as nationals (Article 1) [14]. As of 15 September 2002, this convention was in force in seventeen member states[15]. The convention prohibits a contracting party from repatriating nationals from other contracting parties who are lawfully resident in its territory on the sole ground that they are in need of assistance (Article 6.a), although it may still do so if the following three conditions in Article 7.a are satisfied: the person concerned has not been continuously resident in the territory of that Contracting Party for at least five years if he entered it before attaining the age of 55 years, or for at least ten years if he entered it after attaining that age, he is in a fit state of health to be transported, and has no close ties in the territory in which he is resident[16]. The importance of this convention is that both the provisions concerning social and medical assistance in the European Social Charter (Article 13(4)) and the European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (Article 19) refer specifically to the obligations of contracting parties under the convention. Articles 13(1)-(2) of the Charter require contracting parties to ensure that persons without adequate resources are provided with adequate assistance and health care and that they do not suffer from the diminution of their political and social rights because they receive such assistance. Article 13(3) provides that everyone should be able to benefit from public or private services to prevent, remove or alleviate personal or family want. These rights also apply to nationals of contracting parties who work regularly or reside lawfully within the territory of another contracting party on the same basis as nationals. Article 13(4) of the Charter extends the scope of these provisio ns by stipulating that they are to be applied by contracting parties on an equal basis to the nationals of other contracting parties lawfully within their territories in accordance with their obligations under the European Convention on Social and Medical Assistance[17]. Treaty Establishing the European Community (EC Treaty) provides for freedom of movement for workers from EU member states, although transitional arrangements are in place limiting this freedom for nationals from certain new member states. The Treaty prohibits any discrimination based on nationality between these workers as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment, including social security (Arts. 12 and 39). The EC Treaty also invites the EU Council of Ministers to take measures necessary to ensure equality of treatment and to combat discrimination based on, inter alias, race, ethnic origin, religion or belief, and sexual orientation. The Council is also empowered to take measures in the field of asylum, immigration and safeguarding of the rights of nationals of third countries, although the measures adopted to date on legal migration have afforded third-country nationals lesser rights than those granted EU citizens. European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, adopted in 2000, sets out in a single text, for the first time in EU history, the whole range of civil, political, economic and social rights of EU citizens and all persons resident in the European Union. Council Directive 2003/109/Ec f 25 November 2003 on 3rd country nationals who are long term residents respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognized in particular by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union[18]. It promotes the integration of third-country nationals who are long-term residents in the Member States as a key element in promoting economic and social cohesion[19]. This directive specifies that long-term residents should enjoy equality of treatment with citizens of the Member State in a wide range of economic and social matters.  With regard to social assistance, the possibility of limiting the benefits for long-term residents to core benefits is to be understood in the sense that this notion covers at least minimum income support, assistance in case of illness, pregnancy, parental assistance and long-term care[20]. The modalities for grantin g such benefits should be determined by national law. A broader view of directive 109 provisions is presented in the chapter with social advantages for TCN’s in EU. Council Recommendation 92/441/EEC[21] of 24 June 1992 on common criteria concerning sufficient resources and social assistance in social protection systems. This Recommendation, adopted in June 1992 at the Lisbon European Council, recognizes the basic right of a person to guaranteed sufficient resources and social assistance, as part of a comprehensive and consistent drive to combat social exclusion, and to adapt their social protection systems as necessary. It is open to all individuals resident in the Member State in accordance with national and Community provisions that do not have access to sufficient resources individually or within the household in which they live. Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the Community (5), provide Third-country nationals with refugee status equal social security rights with EU nationals. Council Regulation (EC) No 859/2003 extends the provisions of Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 and Regulation (EEC) No 574/72 to nationals of third countries who are not already covered by those provisions solely on the ground of their nationality. It ensure fair treatment of third country nationals legally residing in the territory of Member States, granting them rights and obligations comparable to those of EU citizens. In this regulation is enhanced social and cultural life and the legal status of TCN is approximated to that of Member States nationals. A high level of social protection is promoted and a set of uniform rights as near as possible to those enjoyed by EU citizens is granted to TCN. European Community agreements with third countries The Community has power to enter into agreements with third countries which agreements may either be limited to matters within the exclusive competence of the Community or cover a wider mix of issues including areas of shared competence between the Member States and the Community[22].   Turkey Agreement: The EEC-Turkey Association Agreement[23], implemented by Association Council Decisions 2/76, 1/80 and 3/80,4 provides for certain rights for Turkish nationals and their family members employed and resident in EU member states. Turkish workers resident in EU member states are also entitled to the same protection from expulsion as EU nationals employed in other member states. With regard to social security rights, the European Court of Justice has also held that Article 3(1) of Decision 3/80, which affords Turkish workers and their family member’s treatment equal to that of nationals of member states, confers direct effect[24]. Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia: The agreements with the Maghreb countries of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia[25] confer equal treatment on Maghreb nationals employed and resident in EU member states as regards their working conditions or remuneration and social security[26]. These non-discrimination provisions have been found by the European Court of Justice as containing sufficiently clear and precise obligations to confer direct effect in EU countries of employment[27]. Equal treatment in social security extends to family members, who have been defined broadly by the ECJ to include the parents of the worker and his or her spouse residing in the host member state[28]. In the field of social security, these agreements are generally based on the following principles: Equal treatment with nationals of the Member States in which they are employed, of Moroccan workers and members of their families living with them, for all branches of social security covered by Regulation 1408/71. Aggregation of periods of insurance, employment or residence completed in the Member States for each of the above social security branches, with the exception of unemployment benefits, industrial accident or occupational disease benefits, and death grants; Transfer of family benefits to other Community countries; Transfer to Morocco of old-age, survivors’ and invalidity benefits, and industrial accident or occupational disease benefits; Application of these principles by Morocco to Community workers, with the exception of aggregation. Europe Agreements: The Community can enter into Europe Agreements with third countries which may also be candidates for accession to the EU. These agreements include a provision guaranteeing equal treatment of migrant workers and nationals as regards working conditions, remuneration or dismissal. In contrast to the agreements with the Maghreb countries, however, equality of treatment in the Europe Agreements in respect of social security is dependent on the adoption of provisions for the co-ordination of social security schemes by the Association Council established under each agreement. The Ruling of the European Court of Justice Under the EU law, the rights of non-EU nationals (including Turkish nationals) to entry, residence, work, social security benefits, education and other social and tax advantages are based either on their relationship with EU nationals or firms (derivative rights) or on their status as a national of a country with which the Community has concluded an international agreement (direct rights)[29]. The EU law differs from other instruments of international law in that decisions, agreements and acts of the institutions of the Community are directly applicable in the Member States. Of course, not all provisions of directly applicable international law are capable of direct effect[30]. When a provision of EU law is directly effective, domestic courts are under an obligation not only to apply it, but to do so in priority over any conflicting provisions of national law according to the principle of primacy of EU law[31]. Therefore, EU law has priority over national laws in the areas in which they apply. Under the EU law, where a right deriving from an agreement is found to be directly enforceable by the ECJ (direct effect), it is part of the acquis communautaire and must be applied by the Communitys national courts. Furthermore, if it appears to a national court that a national provision does not comply with community law, the court is under an obligation to apply Community law and if necessary grant interim relief while the opinion of the ECJ is being asked[32]. Despite the jurisprudence of the ECJ clarifying the treatment of third country nationals having an advantageous legal status close to nationals of Members States, a comprehensive and exclusive Community competence in this area still remains to be unresolved. A dichotomy was developed over the years by the Member States, by explicitly recognizing, on the one hand, the requirement of much closer consultation and co-operation at Community level in the implementation of national migration policies vis-ÃÆ'  -vis third countries[33]. On the other hand, Member States always underlined that matters relating to the access, residence and employment of migrant workers from third countries fall under the jurisdiction of the governments of the Member States and nothing shall stop them to take measures to control immigration form third countries[34]. 2.  TCN In European Union Definition of TCN According to Article 17(1) of the Treaty†[35] ‘third country national (TCN) is â€Å"any person who is not a citizen of the Union within the meaning of this definition includes a number of categories of persons: Refugees, asylum seekers, migrant workers, those who enter through family reunion, and legally resident and undocumented immigrants. It also includes stateless persons, in accordance with the definition in the Constitutional Treaty. Categories of TCN Third country nationals are contrary to EU-nationals. Their situation differs not only from European Union Nationals but also between the different categories of third country nationals. Referring to the definition of TCN the following categories can be distinguished: Asylum Seeker: is someone who makes a claim for asylum in a country other than their own. The rights of asylum seekers are more restricted than the rights of refugees in relation to movement (where they can travel to), employment, health care and social security. Illegal Immigrant: is someone who has moved from one state to another without any legal claim, such as a visa or a claim for asylum. Migrant Unlike refugees, migrants do not fear persecution from their home state. Instead, they make a conscious decision to move and have the freedom to return to their state of origin if they wish. Refugee: in the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees a refugee is defined as someone who: owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country[36]. Stateless Person: is someone who does not belong as a citizen to any state. A stateless person may also be a refugee but this is not always the case. For example, a person may leave their home state without persecution. Some people are also born into statelessness due to their parents either being stateless themselves, or unable to register the birth of their child. According to the legal base which covers TCN the following categories can be distinguished[37]: Third country Nationals from EFTA states. They are covered by regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 and their situation is similar to EU-nationals. Third country Nationals who are family members of EU nationals, partly covered by Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71. Third country Nationals covered by agreements concluded between the community and third countries. Third country Nationals covered by multilateral agreements such as agreements of the Council of Europe, ILO etc. Third country Nationals covered by bilateral agreements. Third country Nationals who are not covered by any agreement. Legal Status of TCN According to their legal status, immigrants in European countries can be grouped into four different categories[38]: The immediate citizenship model. The receiving state recognizes the immigrants as citizens immediately on their arrival. The quasi-citizenship model, immigrants have a similar status but not completely identical to the citizenship model. Alien resident have the same rights as the citizens of the host state in almost all fields of social life. Privileged treatment for special categories of immigrants, rights to enter or stay in the country are granted to certain special categories of aliens. Their residence rights are protected. Those aliens have limited possibilities for expulsion or deportation[39]. They have special rights or same treatment as citizens in several areas. Denizen[40] status, or semi-citizen status, aliens receive almost full residence rights (expulsion being limited to exceptional cases). Equal treatment with citizens is granted in most areas of public life (access to all jobs, equal rights to housing, education and social security) and sometimes even in political life. The exact content of the rights included in each model may differ slightly from country to country. The main differences in Social and political rights granted to immigrants are between the first model and the other three models. Full set of social and political rights are granted only to immigrants with citizenship of the country of residence. As for the other three models immigrants social and political rights are limited to the right to participate in elections on the local or the regional level and the access to certain jobs in the public service. 3.  Social Advantages of Third Country Nationals In European Union It is not easy to define social advantages of TCN’s in European Union. Social advantages and social rights of TCN’s depend on their legal status. Different categories of TCN’s enjoy different social rights within the Union.  Illegal immigrants, for example, cannot claim any rights and are not eligible for any welfare schemes because of their impossibility of presenting any official documents (identification, residence or work permit, etc.) regarding their status. Regular immigrants have a more favorable situation and enjoy rights and obligations comparable to those of citizens of the European Union. According to their status, their social rights are included within different directives and regulations. The European Council, in its special meeting in Tampere on 15 and 16 October 1999, acknowledged the need for harmonization of national legislation on the conditions for admission and residence of TCN’s. In this context, it has in particular stated that the European Union should ensure fair treatment of third country nationals residing lawfully on the territory of the Member States and that a more vigorous integration policy should aim at granting them rights and obligations comparable to those of citizens of the European Union. Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 has a restricted personal scope of application and provides equal social security rights with EU nationals only to third-country nationals with refugee status.